Carpathian Basin climate according to Köppen and a clothing resistance scheme

Ács, Ferenc; Zsákai, Annamária; Kristóf, Erzsébet; Szabó, Amanda Imola; Breuer, Hajnalka

doi:10.1007/s00704-020-03199-z

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Besides the lithological features, the climate plays a key role in the groundwater recharge process, one of the main components being precipitation. In the Apuseni Mountains, the climate is continental moderate with western influences [6] and, according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, two types of climate can be identified: temperate, at low altitudes, and continental/cold (without dry season but with warm summers), at high altitudes [12,13]. The precipitation ranges between 1050 mm (at high altitudes in the northern part of the area) and 570 mm (at low altitudes in the southern part of the Apuseni Mountains).…”

Section: Study Area and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Some Karst Water Sources in Apuseni Mountains, Romania

Hoaghia

Moldovan

Kovács

et al. 2021

Water

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Human activities and natural factors determine the hydrogeochemical characteristics of karst groundwaters and their use as drinking water. This study assesses the hydrogeochemical characteristics of 14 karst water sources in the Apuseni Mountains (NW Romania) and their potential use as drinking water sources. As shown by the Durov and by the Piper diagrams, the chemical composition of the waters is typical of karst waters as it is dominated by HCO3− and Ca2+, having a circumneutral to alkaline pH and total dissolved solids ranging between 131 and 1092 mg L−1. The relation between the major ions revealed that dissolution is the main process contributing to the water chemistry. Limestone and dolostone are the main Ca and Mg sources, while halite is the main Na and Cl source. The Gibbs diagram confirmed the rock dominance of the water chemistry. The groundwater quality index (GWQI) showed that the waters are of excellent quality, except for two waters that displayed medium and good quality status. The quality of the studied karst waters is influenced by the geological characteristics, mainly by the water–rock interaction and, to a more limited extent, by anthropogenic activities. The investigated karst waters could be exploited as drinking water resources in the study area. The results of the present study highlight the importance of karst waters in the context of good-quality water shortage but also the vulnerability of this resource to anthropogenic influences.

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Section: Study Area and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Quality and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Some Karst Water Sources in Apuseni Mountains, Romania

Hoaghia

Moldovan

Kovács

et al. 2021

Water

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“…The evolution of generic and human climate methods took place independently of each other. There have been only a few attempts at interconnecting them (e.g., Yang and Matzarakis, 2016; Potchter et al ., 2018; Ács et al ., 2020); in these studies, among the generic methods, the Köppen method was always used. In the work of Yang and Matzarakis (2016), the implementation of human thermal comfort information in Köppen–Geiger climate classification is done by estimating PET h using the RayMan model (Matzarakis et al ., 2007) in 12 Chinese cities with 3‐hr time resolution in the period 2000–2012.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, there have only been a few attempts at linking empirical and human climate classification results. In these attempts only the Köppen–Geiger method outputs were related either to Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET; e.g., Yang and Matzarakis, 2016; Potchter et al ., 2018) or to Universal Thermal Climate Index (e.g., Potchter et al ., 2018), or to clothing resistance parameter (Ács et al ., 2020). In these analyses, the results obtained by models were not statistically linked, they were only compared.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clothing resistance and potential evapotranspiration as thermal climate indicators—The example of the Carpathian region

Ács

Zsákai

Kristóf

et al. 2021

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Clothing resistance parameter rcl and potential evapotranspiration (PET), a major component of Thornthwaite type climate classifications, are used as thermal climate indicators for characterizing the thermal climate of the Carpathian region. rcl is simulated by a model based on clothed human body energy balance considerations. rcl refers to a walking human in outdoor conditions, whose somatotype can differ. Somatotype shapes are determined by applying the Heath–Carter somatotype method. PET is estimated using only air temperature and latitude as inputs. In addition rcl is linked to PET. The annual mean of rcl is statistically interconnected with annual sum of PET, and the annual fluctuation of rcl (drcl = rclmax − rclmin) with the annual fluctuation of PET (dPET = PETmax − PETmin). The Carpathian region's thermal climate is analysed by comparing PET results with rcl model results and rcl results obtained by statistical link. We showed that rcl model results are strongly sensitive to human body somatotype variations. It is also shown that the spatial heterogeneity of thermal climates is the lowest in the lowlands and the highest in the mountains. The spatial heterogeneity of rcl and drcl values obtained by statistical link is comparable to the spatial heterogeneity of PET, but is lower than that obtained from the rcl model. Similarly to rcl model results, rcl results obtained by statistical link are also sensitive to human body somatotype variations. All these results suggest that statistical connections between rcl and PET and drcl and dPET can be used as subunits in Thornthwaite type climate classifications to obtain human thermal climate information. Lastly, areas with the largest thermal contrast are reproduced in terms of both the annual sum of PET and the rcl, which is obtained by both the model and the statistical link.

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“…Similar human bioclimate analyses are also made in mountainous and coastal regions of Croatia (Zaninović et al ., 2006; Zaninović and Matzarakis, 2007; Zaninović and Matzarakis, 2009). Energy balance based human bioclimate analyses referring to the whole Carpathian Basin, including the Carpathians are very rare (Ács et al ., 2020). The study of Ács et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study of Ács et al . (2020) is a comparative analysis. The Köppen climate map and the maps representing the annual mean and fluctuation of clothing resistance are compared and discussed in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human thermal climate of the Carpathian Basin

Ács

Zsákai

Kristóf

et al. 2020

Intl Journal of Climatology

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A human body-clothing-atmosphere environment system energy balance model is constructed to evaluate individual human thermal climates in the Carpathian Basin. The analysis is performed in terms of clothing resistance and operative temperature for the period 1971-2000. The model's main strength is that it simulates the metabolic activity rate M as simply as possible taking into account interpersonal variations. Non-sweating, walking humans are considered in natural outdoor conditions at a walking speed of 4 kmÁh −1. Atmospheric data are used from the CarpatClim dataset; human data are taken from a Hungarian human dataset. The dataset reveals that the interpersonal variations of M of walking humans can reach 40-50 WÁm −2. According to the results, the variability of individual human thermal climates can be significant. This variability increases towards cold climates and is less in the comfortable thermal zone, when the operative temperature is between 23 and 28 C. It should be mentioned that summer is thermally neutral in the Little Hungarian Plain, the Great Hungarian Plain and in larger parts of the Transylvanian Plateau, irrespective of the person considered. The warmest areas in the Carpathian Basin can be found in Bačka and Banat. In terms of thermal sensation, the results obtained agree well with the results referring to the human considered in the Physiological Equivalent Temperature index model.

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Carpathian Basin climate according to Köppen and a clothing resistance scheme

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Water Quality and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Some Karst Water Sources in Apuseni Mountains, Romania

Water Quality and Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Some Karst Water Sources in Apuseni Mountains, Romania

Clothing resistance and potential evapotranspiration as thermal climate indicators—The example of the Carpathian region

Human thermal climate of the Carpathian Basin

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