Carotenoids of sea squirts. I. New marine carotenoids, halocynthiaxanthin and mytiloxanthinone from Halocynthia roretzi.

Effects of sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi) lipids on white adipose tissue weight and blood glucose in diabetic/obese KK-Ay mice

“…The fatty acid composition of H. roretzi lipids was mainly 11.4% palmitic acid, 27.2% EPA and 13.8% DHA, respectively. In addition, alloxanthin, halocynthiaxanthin and diatoxanthin were detected in H. roretzi lipids using high performance liquid chromatography as previously reported (2,5).…”

“…H. roretzi contains various functional components such as eicosapentaenoic acid (ePa), docosahexaenoic acid (dHa), carotenoids, taurine and plasmalogen (1)(2)(3). in a previous study, Kawasaki reported that hexane extracts from H. roretzi muscle decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and neFa in the serum of rats (4).…”

Structure of New Carotenoids with a 3,4-Dihydroxy-.BETA.-End Group from the Oyster Crassostrea gigas

“…Treatment of 1 with 5% KOH/C 2 H 5 OH showed reversible hypsochromic shift 15 nm and reduction of 1 with NaBH 4 gave a pentaol, having absorption maxima at 405, 429, and 465 nm. These visible spectral properties were in agreement with the presence of a mytiloxanthin type chromophore 6,16) in 1. The 1 H-NMR data for 1 indicated the presence of a 3,4-(cis)-dihydroxy-b-end group (C-1 to C-6 including C-16, 17, and 18), 10,17) an 6-oxo-3-hydroxy-k-end group (C-1Ј to C-6Ј including C-16Ј, 17Ј, and 18Ј), and a polyene chain containing an enolic group (d 16.3, s, H-8Ј).…”

Suppressive Effects of Alloxanthin and Diatoxanthin from Halocynthia roretzi on LPS-induced Expression of Pro-inflammatory Genes in RAW264.7 Cells

“…Activated macrophages produce a large quantity of PGE 2 and NO, which causes a variety of inflammatory diseases, and the increased expression of COX-2 and iNOS are responsible for the production of PGE 2 and NO 11,12) . Therefore, the present results indicate that these carotenoids may exhibit anti-inflammatory effect through the down-regulation of the mRNA for COX-2 and iNOS as well as pro-inflammato- All-trans alloxanthin and all-trans diatoxanthin have been reported to be major carotenoids in H. roretzi 1,2) . Both carotenoids can be found in several algae such as the Cryptophyceae 27) and dinoflagellates 28) .…”

“…Marine organisms are known to contain many kinds of carotenoids with unique structures. For example, the sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi contains a number of carotenoids including halocynthiaxanthin, alloxanthin, diatoxanthin, mytiloxanthin and fucoxanthinol with allenic, acetylenic and epoxicide structures in the molecule 1,2) . Previous studies have shown that holocynthiaxanthin exhibits an antiproliferative effect on various tumor cells 3) , inhibition of reverse transcriptases of immunodeficiency viruses 4) , and suppression of both superoxide and nitric oxide generation 5) .…”