Carotenoids: How Effective Are They to Prevent Age-Related Diseases?

Tan, Bee Ling; Norhaizan, Mohd Esa

doi:10.3390/molecules24091801

Cited by 107 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 190 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…Xanthophylls cannot be synthesized in humans and their supplements depend on dietary sources. They are abundant in various foods such as spinach, egg yolk, and wolfberry [110]. Xanthophylls play a key role in ROS scavenging and have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions [110][111][112].…”

Section: Xanthophylls (Lutein and Zeaxanthin)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are abundant in various foods such as spinach, egg yolk, and wolfberry [110]. Xanthophylls play a key role in ROS scavenging and have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions [110][111][112]. They are cleaved by β,β-carotene 9 ,10 -oxygenase 2 (BCO2), however, inactivity of human BCO2 causes carotenoid accumulation [113].…”

Section: Xanthophylls (Lutein and Zeaxanthin)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Novel Target for Neuroprotective Nutraceuticals in Ocular Diseases

et al. 2020

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The eyes require a rich oxygen and nutrient supply; hence, the high-energy demand of the visual system makes it sensitive to oxidative stress. Excessive free radicals result in mitochondrial dysfunction and lead to retinal neurodegeneration, as an early stage of retinal metabolic disorders. Retinal cells are vulnerable because of their coordinated interaction and intricate neural networks. Nutraceuticals are believed to target multiple pathways and have shown neuroprotective benefits by scavenging free radicals and promoting mitochondrial gene expression. Furthermore, encouraging results demonstrate that nutraceuticals improve the organization of retinal cells and visual functions. This review discusses the mitochondrial impairments of retinal cells and the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of nutraceuticals. However, some unsolved problems still exist between laboratory study and clinical therapy. Poor bioavailability and bioaccessibility strongly limit their development. A new delivery system and improved formulation may offer promise for health care applications.

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Section: Xanthophylls (Lutein and Zeaxanthin)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Xanthophylls (Lutein and Zeaxanthin)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Dysfunction as a Novel Target for Neuroprotective Nutraceuticals in Ocular Diseases

et al. 2020

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“…Oxidative stress has been recognized as the main contributor to the age-related diseases [1] such as atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, obesity, dementia, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis [2,3]. Carotenoid consumption is associated with a lower risk to develop these diseases by interrupting the propagation of free radicals [4][5][6]. Animals however cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, they intake carotenoid from their food [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two enzymes involved in carotenoid metabolism, namely β-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase 1 (BCMO1) and β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2). BCMO1 is responsible for the oxidative cleavage of βcarotene into 2 retinal molecules [2,3], while BCO2 can mediate the degradation of carotenoid into colorless substances [4][5][6][7]. The expression of these enzymes is tissue dependent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in BCO2 Coding Sequence Causing a Difference in Carotenoid Concentration in the Skin of Chickens

Wang

Gan

Luo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Carotenoid consumption decreases the risk of cancer, osteoporosis, or neurodegenerative diseases through interrupting the formation of free radicals. Carotenoid-pigmented egg yolk, skin, legs, beak, comb, and feathers in broilers give consumers the impression that they are healthier than none-pigmented ones. Deposition of carotenoids in chicken skin makes the skin color turn from white into yellow. The enzyme β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) plays a key role during the degradation process of carotenoids in skin. How does the BCO2 affects the skin color of chicken, and whether it is the key factor resulted in the phenotypic difference between yellow- and white- skin chickens are still unclear. Three female chickens of the Guangxi Huang and Qingjiao Ma breed were slaughtered and used for carotenoid concentration and BCO2 expression level analysis. The carotenoid concentration in chicken skin was determined by HPLC. A total of 1054 DNA samples from seven different chicken breeds were genotyped and allele frequencies analysis.Results: In the present study, we measured the concentration of carotenoids in chicken skin showed that the carotenoid concentration in chicken with a yellow skin was significantly higher than that with white skin chicken. Then we analyzed the expression profile of BCO2 in different tissues and observed significant differences in gene expression in the back skin between yellow- and white- skin chicken. Scanning the SNPs in BCO2 gene, it revealed a G/A mutation in exon 6, which was confirmed by PCR-RFLP. Copy number variation (CNV) was also detected; the copy number in white yellow skin chicken was almost 2-fold of that than in yellow skin chicken. These results implied that the G/A mutation and CNV in chicken skin may play a key role in regulating the carotenoids degradation. Conclusions: Generally, reduced expression of the BCO2 gene due to lower CVNs may be responsible for the deposition of carotenoids and as a consequence a yellow skin color in yellow skin chicken. One SNP c.890A>G was found to be associated with the chicken skin color and may be used as a genetic marker in breeding for yellow skin in chicken in the future.

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“…The role of carotenoids to counteract oxidative stress and promote healthy aging is discussed by Tan and Norhalzan [20]. As many studies have shown an inverse relationship between carotenoids and age-related diseases by reducing oxidative stress, carotenoids are potential candidates to counteract age-associated pathologies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%