Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review

Gallicchio, Lisa; Boyd, Kristina L.; Matanoski, Genevieve M.; Tao, Xuguang Grant; Chen, Liwei; Lam, Tram Kim; Shiels, Meredith S.; Hammond, Edward R.; Robinson, Karen A.; Caulfield, Laura E.; Herman, James G.; Güallar, Eliseo; Alberg, Anthony J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.2.372

Cited by 184 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The increased risk at high doses may be related to the prooxidant activity of β ‐carotene when administered as a supplement in high doses (5–10 times greater than normal dietary intake) to heavy smokers 6, 45, 46. In addition, it is possible that the difference in results between the RCTs and the observational studies may be because high blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol simply may be markers of a high fruit and vegetable intake, but may not themselves be the constituent(s) responsible for the beneficial effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diet may also play a role in lung cancer etiology 4, 5, 6. Among dietary factors, fruits, and vegetables are of much interest due to their potential anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous meta‐analysis of prospective observational studies suggested a significant inverse association between lycopene and total carotenoids and lung cancer risk, however, the number of studies on blood concentrations of carotenoids was limited and there was no exploration of the shape of the dose–response relationship between carotenoids and lung cancer 6.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol and lung cancer risk: an update of the WCRF–AICR systematic review of published prospective studies

et al. 2016

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Carotenoids and retinol are considered biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake, and are of much interest because of their anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, there is inconsistent evidence regarding their protective effects against lung cancer. We conducted a meta‐analysis of prospective studies of blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol, and lung cancer risk. We identified relevant prospective studies published up to December 2014 by searching the PubMed and several other databases. We calculated summary estimates of lung cancer risk for the highest compared with lowest carotenoid and retinol concentrations and dose–response meta‐analyses using random effects models. We used fractional polynomial models to assess potential nonlinear relationships. Seventeen prospective studies (18 publications) including 3603 cases and 458,434 participants were included in the meta‐analysis. Blood concentrations of α‐carotene, β‐carotene, total carotenoids, and retinol were significantly inversely associated with lung cancer risk or mortality. The summary relative risk were 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55–0.80) per 5 μg/100 mL of α‐carotene (studies [n] = 5), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76–0.94) per 20 μg/100 mL of β‐carotene (n = 9), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.54–0.81) per 100 μg/100 mL of total carotenoids (n = 4), and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73–0.90) per 70 μg/100 mL of retinol (n = 8). In stratified analysis by sex, the significant inverse associations for β‐carotene and retinol were observed only in men and not in women. Nonlinear associations were observed for β‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, with stronger associations observed at lower concentrations. There were not enough data to conduct stratified analyses by smoking. In conclusion, higher blood concentrations of several carotenoids and retinol are associated with reduced lung cancer risk. Further studies in never and former smokers are needed to rule out confounding by smoking.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol and lung cancer risk: an update of the WCRF–AICR systematic review of published prospective studies

et al. 2016

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“…In another systematic review that covered studies about the effect ofcarotene supplementation on prevention of lung cancer, -Carotene was not associated with a reduction of the risk of lung cancer. However, findings of prospective cohort studies have suggested a decrease of the risk of lung cancer but these reductions were mostly small and not statistically significant [224].…”

Section: Cancermentioning

confidence: 96%

Clinical and pharmacological aspects of bath salt use: A review of the literature and case reports

Miotto¹,

Striebel²,

Cho

et al. 2013

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

120

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Abstract:Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely believed to cause or aggravate several human pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, stroke and many other ailments. Antioxidants are assumed to counteract the harmful effects of ROS and therefore prevent or treat oxidative stress-related diseases. In this report, recent human studies exploring the efficiency of antioxidants in prevention and treatment of various diseases are reviewed. Few antioxidants including edaravone (for ischemic stroke in Japan), Nacetylcysteine (for acetaminophen toxicity), alfa-lipoic acid (for diabetic neuropathy) and some flavonoids (polyphenolic compounds present in dietary plants), such as micronized purified flavonoid fraction (diosmin and hesperidin) and oxerutins (for chronic venous insufficiency) as well as baicalein and catechins (for osteoarthritis) have found accepted clinical use. However, despite much enthusiasm in the 1980s and 1990s, many well-known agents such as antioxidant vitamins and also more recently developed compounds such as nitrones have not successfully passed the scrutiny of clinical trials for prevention and treatment of various diseases. This has given rise to a pessimistic view of antioxidant therapy, however, the evidence from human epidemiological studies about the beneficial effects of dietary antioxidants and preclinical in vitro and animal data are compelling. We have probably wasted too much time on agents like antioxidant vitamins instead of focusing on more disease specific, target-directed, highly bioavailable antioxidants. We here discuss possible reasons for the lack of success in some clinical trials and seek to provide some suggestions to be considered if antioxidant therapy is to succeed as an effective therapeutic strategy.

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“…Interestingly, several intervention trials have failed in showing any preventive effects of carotenoids on disease incidence, and in some cases long-term supra-physiological dosing has even proven to be harmful in people at risk of disease [5,21]. These data suggest the existence of a window of benefit for b-carotene and that an optimal carotenoid status should be achieved via appropriate food intake to avoid disease development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Carotene conversion products and their effects on adipose tissue

et al. 2009

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Recent epidemiological data suggest that b-carotene may be protective against metabolic diseases in which adipose tissue plays a key role. Adipose tissue constitutes the major b-carotene storage tissue and its functions have been shown to be modulated in response to b-carotene breakdown products, especially retinal produced after cleavage by b-carotene 15,15 0 -monooxygenase (BCMO1), and retinoic acid arising from oxidation of retinal. However, the possibility exists that b-carotene in its intact form can also affect adipocyte function. Development of a knock out model and identification of a loss-offunction mutation have pointed out BCMO1 as being probably the sole enzyme responsible for provitamin A conversion into retinal in mammals. The utilisation of BCMO1 -/-mice should provide insights on b-carotene effect on its own in the future. In humans, intervention studies have highlighted the huge interindividual variation of b-carotene conversion efficiency, possibly due to genetic polymorphisms, which might impact on response to b-carotene. This brief review discusses the processes involved in b-carotene conversion and the effect of cleavage products on body fat and adipose tissue function.

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Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review

Cited by 184 publications

References 58 publications

Blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol and lung cancer risk: an update of the WCRF–AICR systematic review of published prospective studies

Blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol and lung cancer risk: an update of the WCRF–AICR systematic review of published prospective studies

Clinical and pharmacological aspects of bath salt use: A review of the literature and case reports

β-Carotene conversion products and their effects on adipose tissue

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