Carnapian Structuralism

Intestinal Parasitic Infections in School Students in Malakal City, Upper Nile State, South Sudan

“…A total of 450 students consisted of 236 (52%) male and 214 (48%) female, with age range 7-22 years. The number of students studying in primary (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) year) and secondary (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) year) levels were 200 (44%) and 250 (56%) respectively. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence and distribution of intestinal parasitic infections among school students utilizing the direct wet method and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration method.…”

“…Depending on morphology of the parasites, microscopy is able to rapidly identify all phases of the different parasites found in the same sample (including cysts, trophozoites, ova and larvae) but PCR identifies just one parasite because of limitation of the PCR primer. Even the available commercial panels PCR assay (RIDA ® GENE Parasitic Stool Panel) [15] cannot detect more than four microorganisms of the diarrheal protozoa. More recently, direct smear was shown to have a sensitivity of 61% compared to formal ether concentration (92%) and Kato Katz (60%) for the detection of a variety of parasites including protozoa [7].…”

Taming conceptual wanderings: Wilson-Structuralism

“…This modified Structuralism joins other recent attempts of renewing classical Structuralism by simplifying and improving its behemothic framework. Andreas' "Carnapian Structuralism" (Andreas 2010(Andreas , 2014 is an example of a kind of Structuralism more compatible with other contemporary philosophical views about scientific theories reconstruction. Carnapian Structuralism restyled the structuralist framework through a reader-friendly system of postulates built around the notion of a theoretical expansion of a partial potential model.…”

“…545-552), asymptotic connections between patches (Batterman 2001;Wilson 2017), and Machian explications (Wilson 2012a;Carus 2012). Other promising ways of extending this framework would be to add linguistic and pragmatic contexts in order to model also Wilson's context-adjusting models of predicate extension (Wilson 1982(Wilson , 2012b or to merge Wilson-Structuralism with Carnapian Structuralism (Andreas 2014(Andreas , 2020 and with accounts of deductive reasoning in structuralist frameworks (Andreas 2013) in order to model Wilson's contextual notion of inference validity and logical inconsistencies (Wilson 1994(Wilson , 2000. It would also be interesting to merge Wilson-Structuralism with other reconstructions of scientific theories devised to capture the indeterminacy of theoretical terms such as Carnap's -term methodology (Carnap 1956;Schiemer and Gratzl 2016;Leitgeb and Carus 2020;Leitgeb MS).…”

“…Specific reconstructions and views about the ontological status of theoretical terms vary within the structuralist camp, from arguably anti-realist reconstruction (e.g. Sneed 1979;Andreas 2014) to more neutralist approaches (e.g. Stegmüller 1976;Moulines 1991), but no specific version of the structuralist framework conceptualizes scientific terms in a strongly realist way like Wilson.…”