“…Although musical development was identified most frequently as a goal for a music program, the other six domains emerged as additional utilitarian goals. This finding about utilitarian goals is consistent with the fact that music education scholars have highlighted the utilitarian aspects of child development, such as social, emotional, or cognitive development, involved in music education (Berger & Cooper, 2003;Cardany, 2004;Custodero & Johnson-Green, 2008;Hodges, 2000;Levinowitz, 1999;Scott-Kassner, 1999;Tarnowski, 1999;Tarnowski & Barrett, 1997;Trollinger, 2003). My findings are also in accord with a recent study by Nardo, Custodero, Persellin, and Fox (2006), who surveyed 293 early childhood professionals and found that most of the responses about beneficial experiences/outcomes of music could be categorized as creativity, enjoyment, mood regulation, teaching other subjects, cognitive skills, social skills, emotional well-being, and self-esteem.…”