Career Development and Its Practice: A Historical Perspective

Abstract

The use of the term career development as descriptive of both the factors and the processes influencing individual career behavior and as synonymous with intervention in career behavior (e.g., the practice of career development) is relativelyrecent. As professional vocabulary evolves across time, so do the form and substance of career interventions and those to whom they are directed. At the beginning ofthe new millennium, this article reviews the legacy of the 20th century and considers selected theoretical and practical issues likely to be prominent in the practice of career development in the decades immediately ahead.

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“…Program pembangunan kerjaya merupakan salah satu usaha yang diambil oleh organisasi untuk membangunkan kerjaya seseorang individu dalam organisasi (McDaniels & Gysbers 1992;Herr 2001;Adekola 2011). Dalam konteks organisasi, program pembangunan kerjaya merupakan fungsi jabatan pengurusan sumber manusia yang sangat penting (Wilkens & Nermerich 2011;Ismail et al 2013) kerana ia merujuk kepada bagaimana seseorang majikan atau pengurus merangka dan merekabentuk program kerjaya bagi membolehkan pekerja menyesuaikan minat dan kebolehan mereka dengan perubahan-perubahan dan peluang-peluang dalam organisasi.…”

decision-making process inherent with hiring career counselors who advise international students

“…Parson is known as the father of vocational guidance and established the framework on which career development theory is based (Brewer, Cleary, Dunsmoor, Lake, Nichols, Smith, & Smith 1942;Herr, 2001;James & Gilliard, 2003;Pope, 2000). He founded the Vocational Bureau of Boston in 1908 and authored…”

“…Many scholars agree that the emergence of vocational guidance was made possible through a timely combination of immigration, industrialization, and urbanization, which led to dramatic societal changes aimed at improving living conditions and combating poverty. It was through this social upheaval that pioneers such as Parsons gained the impetus for their direction (Brewer et al, 1942;Herr, 2001;Pope, 1997). Contemplating this time in history, Brewer et al, (1942) states "It was no accident that vocation guidance was started in the United States of America" (p. 7).…”

“…Students were guided to occupational categories by using the results in a cause and effect approach (James & Gilliland, 2003;Patton & McMahon, 2014). Equally important in advancing Parson's work was Jesse Buttrick Davis, a founding member of the National Vocation Guidance Association in 1913, and the creator of the first systematic approach to guidance counseling in U.S. public schools in the early 1900s (Herr, 2001;Pope, 1997;Pope, 2009). …”

“…The terms "career development" and "career counseling" emerged in Super's (1957) research on career patterns as connected choices throughout a person's working life and eventually replaced the terminology of "vocational education" and "vocational guidance." In 1951, Super proposed a new definition of vocational guidance centered around the "characteristics of the chooser" instead of "what is to be chosen," thus diminishing the matching aspect as well as the emphasis on the beginning of the vocation journey as seen in earlier concepts (Herr, 2001). This era launched the development of numerous career development theories, professional standards, counselor credentialing, and assessment tools aimed at identifying an individual's relevant career interests (Pope, 2000).…”