Cardiovascular risk factors: Is the metabolic syndrome related to aging? Epidemiology in a Portuguese population

Biochemical Data and Metabolic Profiles of Male Exclusive Narghile Smokers (ENSs) Compared With Apparently Healthy Nonsmokers (AHNSs)

“…This makes the comparison between their data difficult. Since the prevalence of MetS is sex dependent (Rochlani, Pothineni, & Mehta, 2015) and increases with age (Ribeiro et al, 2018) and since some biochemical data are directly associated with sex (e.g., males experienced greater FBG levels than females [Mahassni & Alajlany, 2017]), only males aged 20–45 years were included. In relative studies, age varied between 18 years (Hallit et al, 2017) and 75 years (Shafique et al, 2012), and in some, both sexes were included (Al Mutairi et al, 2006; Hallit et al, 2017; Mahassni & Alajlany, 2017; Shafique et al, 2012; Table 3S).…”

“…First, the lack of sample size calculation (Al Mutairi et al, 2006; Koubaa et al, 2015; Mahassni & Alajlany, 2017; Saffar Soflaei et al, 2018) is a statistically central point since determining the finest size for a study guarantees enough power to distinguish statistical significance and is a serious step in the design of a planned research procedure (Kang, Ragan, & Park, 2008). Second, the inclusion of elderly subjects more than 60 years of age (Al Mutairi et al, 2006; Saffar Soflaei et al, 2018; Shafique et al, 2012) may introduce a bias because the prevalence of altered metabolic data (e.g., MetS) increases with age (Ribeiro, Seixas, Galvez, & Climent, 2018). Third, the lack of information about the different types of the narghile tobacco used (Hallit et al, 2017; Koubaa et al, 2015; Mahassni & Alajlany, 2017; Saffar Soflaei et al, 2018; Shafique et al, 2012), makes any comparison difficult, because in the case of tombak or jurak , in comparison to tabamel , the pattern is different (Ben Saad, 2009).…”

Metabolic Syndrome

“…Armindo Miguel de Jesus Sousa de Araújo Ribeiro 1,2 1 Unidade Local de Saúde do Litoral Alentejano, Hospital Litoral Alentejano, Santiago do Cacém, Portugal 2 Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain *Address all correspondence to: amsr29@gmail.com © 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen.…”

“…At an epidemiologic study conducted by Armindo Sousa Ribeiro et al, in a Portuguese population, was found that 23.8% of the population has MS more prevalent in 24 males, no smoking, no significant alcohol consumption, sedentary life style, with a high body mass index (BMI) and its prevalence increases with age [1]. Each CVRF has different importance in the metabolic syndrome [2].…”

Resultados negativos associados ao uso de medicamentos em idosos com hipertensão e diabetes em Unidade Básica de Saúde de São Paulo / Negative outcomes associated with medication in elderly with hypertension and diabetes in a Basic Health Unit of São Paulo

“…Indivíduos portadores de hipertensão e diabetes apresentam duas vezes mais risco de terem problemas cardiovasculares quando comparados aos hipertensos não diabéticos 12,13 . A associação destas duas doenças pode dar origem ou intensificar danos microvasculares gerados pelo diabetes mellitus, principalmente na retina 14…”