Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children

Berenson, Gerald S.; Frank, Gail C.; Hunter, Sandra; Srinivasan, Sathanur R.; Voors, Antonie W.; Webber, Larry S.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970450097024

Cited by 74 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with an Iowa Height Board, and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using a balance beam metric scale. 21 As levels of BMI (kg m À2 ) vary by sex and age during growth, sex-specific BMI-for-age z-scores were calculated from the 2000 CDC Growth Charts. 22 These BMI-for-age levels represent a child's BMI relative to levels among children of the same age and sex who were examined in national studies from 1963 to 1980 (6-to 20-year-olds) or from 1963 to 1994 (2-to 5-year-olds).…”

Section: General Examinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study

et al. 2008

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Objective: Although obese children are at increased risk for coronary heart disease in later life, it is not clear if the association results from the persistence of childhood obesity into adulthood. We examined the relation of both childhood and adult levels of body mass index (BMI, kg m À2 ) to carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) measured at the (mean) age of 36 years. Design and Subjects: Prior to the determination of adult IMT, the 1142 participants had been examined 7 (mean) times in the Bogalusa Heart Study. Measurements: In addition to BMI, levels of lipids, lipoproteins and blood pressure were measured at each examination. Cumulative levels of each risk factor were based on the areas under the individual growth curves calculated using multilevel models for repeated (BMI) measurements. We then examined the relation of these cumulative levels to adult IMT. Results: Carotid IMT was associated with cumulative levels of BMI in both childhood and adulthood (Po0.001 for each association). Furthermore, the association between childhood BMI and adult IMT persisted, but was reduced, after controlling for adult BMI. Although childhood levels of lipids, lipoproteins and blood pressure were also associated with adult IMT, these associations were not independent of adult levels of these risk factors. Conclusions: These results emphasize the adverse effects of elevated childhood BMI levels. In addition to the strong tracking of BMI levels from childhood to adulthood, there appears to be a modest, independent effect of childhood BMI on adult IMT. The prevention of childhood obesity should be emphasized.

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Section: General Examinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study

et al. 2008

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“…13 The 1990 population of Washington Parish, a fairly typical, biracial (one third black) community in the southern United States, was approximately 43 000; this total includes approximately 9500 5-to 17-year-olds. Washington Parish includes the cities of Bogalusa and Franklinton, as well as the surrounding rural areas.…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 Children were examined while wearing underpants, an examination gown, and socks; young adults wore street clothes (excluding sweaters, jackets, belts, and shoes). The triceps and subscapular skinfolds each were measured 3 times in succession with Lange Skinfold calipers, and the mean value for each skinfold thickness is used in the analyses.…”

Section: Anthropometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation of Childhood Height to Obesity Among Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT.Objective. In a previous study of the role of various predictors of adult obesity, we found that relatively tall children had a higher body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ) in early adulthood. In this study, the objective was to determine whether childhood height is related to adult adiposity and whether the association is independent of childhood levels of BMI and triceps skinfold thickness.Methods. The longitudinal relations of childhood height to relative weight and skinfold (sum of subscapular and triceps) thicknesses in adulthood were examined in a larger sample (N ‫؍‬ 1055) of 2-to 8-year-olds who were followed for an average of 18 years.Results. Compared with children whose heights were below the gender-and age-specific median, a child with a height-for-age above the 95th percentile (P) was approximately 2.5 times as likely to have a BMI >30 kg/m 2 and approximately 5 times as likely to have a skinfold sum >90th P in adulthood. Although height and adiposity were associated (r ‫؍‬ 0.29) among children, the observed longitudinal relations persisted after controlling for BMI and the triceps skinfold thickness in childhood. For example, among children with the same BMI, each 10-cm difference in height was associated with differences in adulthood of 0.9 kg/m 2 for BMI and 4 mm for the skinfold sum.Conclusions. Although these results need to be confirmed in other studies, it is possible that information on childhood height could be used to identify more accurately children who are likely to be obese in later life. Pediatrics 2002;109(2). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/ cgi/content/full/109/2/e23; body mass index, skinfold thickness, children, longitudinal study, height, obesity.ABBREVIATIONS. BMI, body mass index; P, percentile.A lthough childhood levels of relative weight are predictive of subsequent levels, most of the variability in adult adiposity, typically assessed by the body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ) or various skinfold thicknesses, cannot be accounted for by levels in early life. In addition, a wide range of correlation coefficients (r ϭ 0 -0.84), predictive values (26%-77%), and relative risks (1.5-7) have been reported in studies that have investigated the tracking of BMI from childhood to adulthood (reviewed in Serdula et al 1 and Parsons et al 2 ). In general, the magnitude of these estimates is inversely associated with 1) the length of follow-up and 2) the age at which the initial measurement is made.Other childhood determinants of adult adiposity have been examined, and it has been suggested that early childhood may be a critical period for the development of obesity. 3 After a rapid increase in BMI levels during the first year of life, mean levels decrease and reach a minimum of approximately 15 kg/m 2 between 4 and 8 years of age. The beginning of the subsequent increase in BMI levels throughout childhood and adolescence has been termed the "adiposity rebound," and several investigators 4 -6 have suggested that an early rebound in BMI levels (eg, at 4 years of age) increases the risk for adu...

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“…2 include dental offices.3 In 1974, the American Dental Association developed guidelines for hypertension detection. 4 Blood pressure screening is adaptable to clinical dental settings, and well accepted by practitioners and patients. 5,6 While reports emphasize the feasibility of dental office hypertension screening, most of them do not address the issue of the possible influence of that setting on the individual's blood pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is consistent with previous reports4,5 that sex differences are generally small at this age. Correlation coeffi-*93 White, 2 Black, 4 Hispanic or Oriental. There were no significant differences in BP by race.…”

Section: Descriptive Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The variability of blood pressure measurements in children.

Osborne¹,

Mullin²,

Roberson³

1983

Am J Public Health

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This study examined the sources and amount of variation present in the blood pressures of 99 third grade children, using data collected from three repeated measurements made on three separate visits. The results highlight factors to consider when planning or evaluating studies designed to relate children's blood pressure levels to environmental conditions. Factors include variability both between and within children by visit and between observers; periodic restandardization of observers during the course of a study is desirable. (Am J Public Health 1983; 73:1207-1210.) IntroductionStudies of blood pressure variation in adult populations'-3 indicate that variation is a function of the time interval in which observations are made and is greater between than within examinations. This pattern of variation may be the same in children, but data to evaluate this hypothesis are not generally available.In this study we estimated the variation present in blood pressures using data collected from repeated measurements made on third grade school children on three separate visits and examined possible sources of this variation.

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Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children

Cited by 74 publications

References 27 publications

The contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study

The contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Relation of Childhood Height to Obesity Among Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study

The variability of blood pressure measurements in children.

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