The contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Freedman, David S.; Patel, Dharmendrakumar A.; Srinivasan, Sathanur R.; Chen, W; Tang, Rong; Bond, M. Gene; Berenson, Gerald S.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803798

Cited by 177 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…8,25,28,30,31 However, after adjusting for adult BMI only the cumulative change in BMI from one study 31 remained significant. An additional two studies showed positive associations with some age groups but not others.…”

Section: Carotid Intima-media Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, these differences became nonsignificant once adjusted for adult BMI. The final study 7 showed no significant correlations, either before or after 21 + 2 + **** * ** Freedman et al 32 + -*** * ** Hardy et al 23 + 2 -+ *** ** ** Lauer and Clarke, 10 + Not adjusted *** ** Li et al 33 + -*** * *** Sinaiko et al 9 + Not adjusted *** ** Wright et al 7 2 2 -*** * *** Carotid intima-media thickness Freedman et al 8 + 2 + 2 *** * ** Freedman et al 31 + Not all adjusted *** *** Juonala et al 25 + 2 2 *** * ** Oren et al 30 + 2 *** * ** Raitakari et al 28 + 2 *** * ** Wright et al 7 2 2 *** * ***…”

Section: Carotid Intima-media Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,25,28 Adult outcomes were more homogenous, with blood pressure measured as both systolic and diastolic, and hypertension defined as per the World Health Organisation Guidelines 29 in all studies. Three studies measured CIMT in the common carotid far wall, 25,28,30 whereas two studies 8,31 averaged measurements from the far walls of the common carotid, carotid bifurcation and internal carotid. The sixth study 7 did not provide details.…”

Section: Quality Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review

2009

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Background: Although the relationship between adult obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown, the relationship with childhood obesity remains unclear. Given the evidence of tracking of body mass index (BMI) from childhood to adulthood, this systematic review investigated the independent relationship between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk. Objective: To investigate the association between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk, and whether the associations observed are independent of adult BMI. Design: Electronic databases were searched from inception until July 2008 for studies investigating the association between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk. Two investigators independently reviewed studies for eligibility according to inclusion/ exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Positive associations between childhood BMI and adult blood pressure or carotid intima-media thickness were generally attenuated once adjusted for adult BMI. Associations between childhood BMI and CVD morbidity/mortality had not been adjusted and do not provide evidence of an independent relationship. Negative associations between childhood BMI and blood pressure were observed in several adjusted data sets. Conclusions: Little evidence was found to suggest that childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD risk. Instead, the data suggest that relationships observed are dependent on the tracking of BMI from childhood to adulthood. Importantly, evidence suggests that risk of raised blood pressure is highest in those who are at the lower end of the BMI scale in childhood and overweight in adulthood. The findings challenge the widely accepted view that the presence of childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD and that this period should be a priority for public health intervention. Although interventions during childhood may be important in prevention of adult obesity, it is important to avoid the potential for negative consequences when the timing coincides with critical stages of neurological, behavioural and physical development.

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Section: Carotid Intima-media Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Carotid Intima-media Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quality Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review

2009

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“…Six studies considered the association between childhood BMI and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) (30,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) , with five of these studies showing a positive association (35)(36)(37)(38)(39) . However, after adjusting for adult BMI only one positive association remained, and this was for the cumulative change in BMI from childhood to adulthood (39) . It must be noted that these studies assessed CIMT at a relatively young age in adulthood, so may be limited in their ability to determine the long-term risk associated with childhood obesity.…”

Section: Independent Effects Of Childhood Obesity On Adult Disease Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

McMullen

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is estimated to be 35 %. These trends are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. The aim of this review was to investigate the long-term implications of childhood obesity for metabolic and cardiovascular health, focusing on the independent contribution of childhood obesity to adult disease risk, as distinct from associations mediated by tracking of obesity across the lifespan. The data systematically reviewed provide little evidence to suggest that childhood overweight and obesity are independent risk factors for metabolic and cardiovascular risk during adulthood. Instead, the data demonstrate that the relationships observed are dependent on tracking of BMI between childhood and adulthood, alongside persistence of dietary patterns and physical activity. Adjustment for adult BMI uncovers unexpected negative associations between childhood BMI and adult disease, suggesting a protective effect of childhood obesity at any given level of adult BMI. Further work is required to explain these findings, both in terms of pathways and statistical artefacts. To conclude, it must be stressed that it is not suggested that childhood obesity is without negative consequence. Childhood obesity is clearly associated with a range of adverse physical and psychological outcomes. However, the data are important in supporting a positive message that the long-term consequences of childhood obesity are avoidable; and that there remains opportunity for intervention across the lifespan. This nuance in understanding long-term risk is important when considering the effectiveness of interventions at different stages of the lifespan. Childhood: Obesity: Metabolic syndrome: Cardiovascular disease: Blood pressureThe worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population is currently estimated to be 35 %, rising to over 70 % in some population groups, with rates of obesity nearly doubling between 1980 and 2008 (1) . This is a global phenomenon, with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in low-and middleincome countries on the rise, mirroring their transition to the obesogenic environments more commonly associated with 'Western' living. The relationship between obesity and risk of non-communicable disease in adulthood has long been established, with a wealth of evidence demonstrating the considerable impact of excess adiposity on the health and wellbeing of populations (2) . The trends in adult overweight and obesity are reflected in childhood obesity prevalence, and the potential impact of early-onset obesity is of great concern. It has been estimated that 200 million school-aged children were overweight or obese in 2010 worldwide, with a prevalence of >20 % in European states and >30 % in regions of North America (3) . In the UK, the 2007 Foresight report showed that about 8-10 % of girls and boys were obese in 2004, and this was projected to rise to an estimated 25 % by 2050 (4)...

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“…4 Furthermore, childhood body mass index levels tracked into adulthood and were related to adult carotid intima-media thickness, a marker of generalized atherosclerosis. 5 Clearly, diet is a major contributor to energy imbalance and therefore a key driver for both obesity and diet-related chronic disease risk, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cases of type 1 diabetes and many cancers. 6 However, a solid evidence base of studies articulating the contribution of specific dietary intake patterns and food behaviors to effective prevention 7 and treatment 8 of childhood obesity and its sequelae is lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity

2009

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Dietary intake throughout childhood is a key determinant of growth and development and has an important role in both the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity. Although dietary intake assessment is fraught with challenges and limitations, reporting intake remains an important research outcome if dietary recommendations to promote healthy weight are to be refined. The aims of this paper are to review current dietary intake assessment methodologies for children, to identify their biases and provide guidance on how these can be addressed to improve reporting of dietary intakes of overweight children in the literature and to identify future research priorities. Knowledge of the methodological aspects of studies examining dietary intake a priori in the context of obesity will assist researchers in improving the quality of dietary data collected and reported and facilitate publication of both dietary intake and nutrition outcomes in the context of body weight. This will help to develop a strong evidence base against which to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for both the prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity.

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The contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Cited by 177 publications

References 38 publications

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review

Childhood obesity: the impact on long-term risk of metabolic and CVD is not necessarily inevitable

Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity

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