Cardiovascular Responses to Static Exercise: A Re-Appraisal

Abstract

Traditional findings of circulatory responses to a bout of static exercise include an abrupt rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, small increases in cardiac output with no rise in stroke volume, and unaltered systemic vascular resistance. These characteristics are not, however, consistent with current concepts of circulatory adjustments to high intramuscular pressure and inability of the heart to generate increases in cardiac output by heart rate alone. When circulatory responses to static exercise are in considered on a per-beat basis, at times of circulatory flow, these conflicts are resolved, as systemic vascular resistance is observed to rise, and augmentation of cardiac output can be accounted for by improvements in myocardial contractility.

The Effect of Acute Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Working Memory

“…Recent nonhuman animal models have observed that exerciseinduced increases in cerebral blood flow do not occur globally across all regions of the brain but instead are localized to specific regions involved with locomotion, equilibrium, and cardiorespiratory control as well as areas of the hippocampus (8). Considering that resistance exercise exerts a very different metabolic response compared with aerobic exercise, manifested by lower oxygen consumption despite higher levels of muscular exertion (16), and lower levels of systemic blood flow (29,30), it may be possible that resistance exercise affects cerebral blood flow differently compared with aerobic exercise. Given the cardiorespiratory and metabolic differences between aerobic and resistance exercise, future research should address the relationship between resistance exercise, cerebral blood flow, and cognition to provide additional insight into the relationship between cognition and exercise behavior.…”

Resposta da frequência cardíaca durante o exercício isométrico de pacientes submetidos à reabilitação cardíaca fase III

“…Moreover, the magnitude of these adjustments seems to depend on the exercise's characteristics 2,16 . The isometric exercise promotes a significant increase on HR, BP and peripheral vascular resistance 11 being the mechanisms responsible for these responses are central and peripheral 1,11,16,17 . The central mechanism activates neuronal pathways from central nervous system to modify the activities of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, consequently determining some cardiovascular responses 1 .…”

“…However, it is important to note that this type of training mentioned includes both isotonic and isometric exercises, and the magnitude of cardiovascular responses depends on the static and dynamic components as well as the duration and intensity of the exercise 10 . Based on the fact that isometric contraction causes a high overload and increases sympathetic activity 7,11 , the prescription of the isometric exercises alone must be avoided in programs of cardiovascular rehabilitation 9 . However, some current studies have reported that the isometric training with handgrip modifies some cardiovascular risk factors (that is, reduces blood pressure (BP), improves endothelial function and increases HR variability) in patients with arterial hypertension 12,13 .…”

Continuous Response of Optic Nerve Head Blood Flow to Increase of Arterial Blood Pressure in Humans

“…Isometrics also increase heart rate, cardiac output, left ventricular contractility, and systemic vascular resistance. [29][30][31][32] The cardiovascular effect depends mainly on the intensity of the isometric contraction and the duration of the isometric exercise, 33 irrespective of muscle mass. 34 The data in our 14 volunteers demonstrate that the increase of F in response to the increase of the OPP during handgrip is significantly less than predicted for a passive vascular system, indicating the presence of blood flow autoregulation in the ONH of young, healthy subjects, thus confirming previous reports by others.…”