Cardiovascular responses to static exercise in distance runners and weight lifters

Longhurst, John C.; Kelly, Aisling; Gonyea, W. J.; Mitchell, Jere H.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1980.49.4.676

Cited by 47 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The contrast between these studies and ours is that our tests were performed at a higher exercise intensity and with a greater amount of active muscle mass. Probably this produced two main differences: in this study the weight lifters showed a greater decrease in end-diastolic volume than previously re ported [7,12], reflecting diminished venous return following elevated intrathoracic pres sure on lifting weight. This may be attribut able to years of intensive weight lifting and may explain the unique pattern of response of left ventricular diastolic volumes referred to above.…”

Section: Responses To Isometric Contractioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

Left Ventricular Dynamics during Strenuous Isometric Exercise in Marathon Runners, Weight Lifters and Healthy Sedentary Men: Comparative Echocardiographic Study

et al. 1993

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Global and segmental left ventricular dynamics during strenuous large-muscle isometric exercise were compared between endurance and static type professional athletes and sedentary men. Using a trunk dynamometer and supine echocardiography, only the weight lifters manifested increased (p < 0.01) wall thickness during both diastole and systole, resulting in decreased left ventricular volume at end systole. These group-related differences would suggest a causal relationship between chronic intensive weight-lifting training and efficient myocardial dynamics at the time of strenuous isometric exercise.

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Section: Responses To Isometric Contractioncontrasting

confidence: 49%

Left Ventricular Dynamics during Strenuous Isometric Exercise in Marathon Runners, Weight Lifters and Healthy Sedentary Men: Comparative Echocardiographic Study

et al. 1993

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“…However, these cardiac muscle adaptations appear to have little effect on systolic (21,23,28) and diastolic function (7,8). Much like hemodynamic changes during resistance training stimulate adaptations to cardiac muscle, alterations in the work of breathing due to resistance training could lead to adaptations in respiratory muscle function that improve exercise performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximal strength training and increased work efficiency: contribution from the trained muscle bed

Barrett-O’Keefe

Helgerud

Wagner

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Maximal strength training (MST) reduces pulmonary oxygen uptake (V O2) at a given submaximal exercise work rate (i.e., efficiency). However, whether the increase in efficiency originates in the trained skeletal muscle, and therefore the impact of this adaptation on muscle blood flow and arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO 2diff), is unknown. Thus five trained subjects partook in an 8-wk MST intervention consisting of half-squats with an emphasis on the rate of force development during the concentric phase of the movement. Pre-and posttraining measurements of pulmonary V O2 (indirect calorimetry), single-leg blood flow (thermodilution), and single-leg a-vO2diff (blood gases) were performed, to allow the assessment of skeletal muscle V O2 during submaximal cycling [237 Ϯ 23 W; ϳ60% of their peak pulmonary V O2 (V O2peak)]. Pulmonary V O2peak (ϳ4.05 l/min) and peak work rate (ϳ355 W), assessed during a graded exercise test, were unaffected by MST. As expected, following MST there was a significant reduction in pulmonary V O2 during steady-state submaximal cycling (ϳ237 W: 3.2 Ϯ 0.1 to 2.9 Ϯ 0.1 l/min). This was accompanied by a significant reduction in single-leg V O2 (1,101 Ϯ 105 to 935 Ϯ 93 ml/min) and single-leg blood flow (6,670 Ϯ 700 to 5,649 Ϯ 641 ml/min), but no change in single-leg a-vO2diff (16.7 Ϯ 0.8 to 16.8 Ϯ0.4 ml/dl). These data confirm an MSTinduced reduction in pulmonary V O2 during submaximal exercise and identify that this change in efficiency originates solely in skeletal muscle, reducing muscle blood flow, but not altering muscle a-vO2diff. oxygen consumption; blood flow; work economy DURING CYCLE EXERCISE, at a given submaximal work rate (WR), pulmonary oxygen uptake (V O 2 ) is similar between individuals of varying aerobic capacities [peak V O 2 (V O 2peak )] (34). This is true despite the complex, systemwide metabolic costs of exercise, such as ventilatory and cardiac muscle work, ion transport, and exercise-induced alterations in thermoregulation and metabolism, each of which may influence the V O 2 /WR relationship (6,39,43). Thus work efficiency, measured as the ratio of pulmonary V O 2 to work accomplished during submaximal steady-state cycling, is a global assessment of metabolic demand and may be influenced by a change in any of these systems. Therefore, a perturbation or stressor, such as maximal strength training (MST), which has been determined to alter work efficiency (22,26,42), may not simply be attributed to a change in efficiency of the exercising muscle.For over a decade, studies have documented that the use of MST, which consists of high loads and few repetitions, with an emphasis on the maximal rate of force development, improves work efficiency in both sedentary (22) and aerobically trained individuals (26,42), and this MST-induced change is even more evident during high-intensity exercise (22). While it is reasonable to expect enhanced intramuscular efficiency to be a major contributor to this documented improvement in work efficiency, an attenuated O 2 cost, external ...

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“…Heart rate, for example, shows a rightward shift in its relationship with running speed as a consequence of chronic endurance training, although values corresponding to physiological markers such as LT and VT2 remain stable . This could be related to an increase in cardiac volume due to endurance training , leading to an increase in stroke volume and allowing a reduced heart rate for the same cardiac output. Breathing pattern is another factor that influences cycling performance, because professional cyclists have been reported to lack a tachypnoeic shift at high workloads, possibly indicating a more efficient use of their respiratory muscles .…”

Section: What Is Endurance Performance?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythropoietin doping in cycling: lack of evidence for efficacy and a negative risk–benefit

Heuberger

Tervaert

Schepers

et al. 2013

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Imagine a medicine that is expected to have very limited effects based upon knowledge of its pharmacology and (patho)physiology and that is studied in the wrong population, with low-quality studies that use a surrogate end-point that relates to the clinical end-point in a partial manner at most. Such a medicine would surely not be recommended. The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) to enhance performance in cycling is very common. A qualitative systematic review of the available literature was performed to examine the evidence for the ergogenic properties of this drug, which is normally used to treat anaemia in chronic renal failure patients. The results of this literature search show that there is no scientific basis from which to conclude that rHuEPO has performance-enhancing properties in elite cyclists. The reported studies have many shortcomings regarding translation of the results to professional cycling endurance performance. Additionally, the possibly harmful side-effects have not been adequately researched for this population but appear to be worrying, at least. The use of rHuEPO in cycling is rife but scientifically unsupported by evidence, and its use in sports is medical malpractice. What its use would have been, if the involved team physicians had been trained in clinical pharmacology and had investigated this properly, remains a matter of speculation. A single well-controlled trial in athletes in real-life circumstances would give a better indication of the real advantages and risk factors of rHuEPO use, but it would be an oversimplification to suggest that this would eradicate its use.

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Cardiovascular responses to static exercise in distance runners and weight lifters

Cited by 47 publications

References 24 publications

Left Ventricular Dynamics during Strenuous Isometric Exercise in Marathon Runners, Weight Lifters and Healthy Sedentary Men: Comparative Echocardiographic Study

Left Ventricular Dynamics during Strenuous Isometric Exercise in Marathon Runners, Weight Lifters and Healthy Sedentary Men: Comparative Echocardiographic Study

Maximal strength training and increased work efficiency: contribution from the trained muscle bed

Erythropoietin doping in cycling: lack of evidence for efficacy and a negative risk–benefit

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