Cardiovascular effects of static and dynamic exercise

Abstract

The cardiovascular response to static exercise has often been quantified on the basis of a comparison between static handgrip and dynamic cycling exercise. It is then difficult to make precise comparisons because the physical units of work are not compatible. If the data from dynamic exercise can be used to predict the cardiovascular response to zero movement (static exercise) this would suggest that static exercise is not fundamentally different from dynamic exercise. Using leg extension exercise which lasted for 1 min, a set of weights was lifted repeatedly 50 times/min, through three different distances. On each occasion, the heart rate, systolic time intervals (STI) and systemic arterial blood pressure were monitored non-invasively. Regression analysis of heart rate (HR) or blood pressure (BP) against the distance moved by the weights was used to predict the heart rate or blood pressure that would be expected for static exercise. In addition the same responses were measured following 1 min of static exercise during which the weights were held up but not moved. Five subjects, trained in leg extension exercise, completed the four exercise sessions in a random order. A constant force was produced in each variant of the protocol and in the static exercise it amounted to 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The forces developed and the distance the weights were lifted were monitored. During this sustained static exercise at relatively low intensity the cardiovascular changes could be predicted from the responses induced by dynamic exercise. It is suggested that other factors are important in determining the cardiovascular response to exercise, not simply the mode.

The Role of Adrenomedullin in Cardiovascular Response to Exercise – A Review

“…The increase in cardiac output results primarily from an accelerated heart rate. Stroke volume during static hand grips at loads greater than 20% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) can be significantly reduced due to the increased left ventricular afterload (Bezucha et al, 1982; Chapman and Elliot, 1988). …”

Heart Rate Variability and Blood Pressure during Dynamic and Static Exercise at Similar Heart Rate Levels

“…The influence of each mechanism on the heart rate and blood pressure response to exercise depends on factors like recruited muscle mass, muscle fiber type, exercise intensity and the exercise mode [10-12]. Early literature that compared the cardiovascular response to static and dynamic muscular actions indicated a strong increase in heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SBP), and minor changes in diastolic arterial pressure (DBP) during dynamic work, while isometric work is thought to induce only modest increases of HR but marked increases in SBP and in particular DBP [13-18]. However, the generality of these observations is limited, because a) mostly cardiovascular effects of static (SE) and dynamic exercise (DE) had been studied separately; b) the quantification and thus the equating of workload during different exercise modes is difficult [18]; and c) often the compared muscles were of different size and location.…”

“…Early literature that compared the cardiovascular response to static and dynamic muscular actions indicated a strong increase in heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SBP), and minor changes in diastolic arterial pressure (DBP) during dynamic work, while isometric work is thought to induce only modest increases of HR but marked increases in SBP and in particular DBP [13-18]. However, the generality of these observations is limited, because a) mostly cardiovascular effects of static (SE) and dynamic exercise (DE) had been studied separately; b) the quantification and thus the equating of workload during different exercise modes is difficult [18]; and c) often the compared muscles were of different size and location. Static vs. dynamic contractions of identical small muscles, e. g. during submaximal handgrip exercise, elicited similar HR and BP response [19], while it was shown that submaximal isometric contractions of larger muscles (e. g. knee extensors/flexors) at 40 % of maximum effort can induce lower HR and BP responses than isokinetic or isotonic contractions [20].…”

“…Static vs. dynamic contractions of identical small muscles, e. g. during submaximal handgrip exercise, elicited similar HR and BP response [19], while it was shown that submaximal isometric contractions of larger muscles (e. g. knee extensors/flexors) at 40 % of maximum effort can induce lower HR and BP responses than isokinetic or isotonic contractions [20]. During moderate exercise intensity Chapman and Elliott found a significant increase in HR and SBP during DE, while DBP was highest during SE [18]. Nevertheless they concluded that when the same muscle groups are used the effect of the exercise modes on cardiovascular response is more similar than frequently stated.…”

Efeitos da terapia de reposição estrogênica nas respostas hemodinâmicas e neurais ao exercício físico agudo em mulheres no período pós-menopausa

“…Além do estímulo químico liberado pela a realização dos exercícios, acredita-se que a oclusão promove uma dor local, o que pode contribuir para ANSP se manter elevada neste período, uma vez que em outro estudo, houve aumento da ANSP na oclusão, mesmo após intensidades baixas de exercício dinâmico em que a ANSP não se alterou 109. Estudos que compararam as respostas ao exercício estático e dinâmico em indivíduos saudáveis verificou-se um maior aumento de pressão arterial durante o exercício estático e um maior aumento de FC durante o exercício dinâmico 112,113 . Isso ocorre uma vez que a estimulação química a partir dos metabólitos liberados no exercício estático promove uma resposta excitatória maior do que a estimulação mecânica gerada pelos exercícios dinâmicos 114 . No presente estudo, quando comparamos os valores das variáveis obtidas nos exercícios estático e dinâmico, observamos que os dois tipos de exercícios promovem resposta semelhante Um fato que deve ser levado em conta é que no presente estudo a medida da ANSP foi realizada no nervo fibular da perna cuja musculatura não foi exercitada durante a realização das manobras excitatórias.…”