Cardiovascular effects of copper deficiency on activity of superoxide dismutase in diabetic nephropathy

Abstract

Background:Copper (Cu) is essential both for its role in antioxidant enzymes, like Cu/zinc (Zn) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ceruloplasmin, as well as its role in lysyl oxidase, essential for the strength and integrity of the heart and blood vessels. With such a central role in cardiovascular health, Cu has been generally overlooked in the debate over improving our cardiovascular health. Cu deficiency has produced many of the same abnormalities present in cardiovascular disease. It seems almost certain that Cu plays a large role in the development of this killer disease, not because of its excess in the diet, but rather its deficiency.Aim:This study was undertaken to investigate the cardiovascular effects of Cu deficiency on the activity of SOD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with and without diabetic nephropathy.Materials and Methods:Fifty-five patients with T2DM were recruited in this study which were divided into two subgroups based on the presence of microalbuminuria, the first group (microal buminuric group, n = 31) had a microalbuminuria between 30 and 299 μg/mg. The second group (normoal buminuric group, n = 29) had an albumin level less than 30 μg/mg. The two diabetic groups were compared to the control group (n = 37).Results:The results of our study showed a significant reduction in the levels of SOD enzyme associated with an increased urinary Cu excretion in microalbuminuric group compared to the control group at P < 0.05.Conclusions:The current study illustrates that the regulation of the blood concentrations of Cu may be a potential therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

Selenium, antioxidants, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…The supplements of antioxidant mixtures consisted of combinations of 2 or more of the following: vitamin A, retinol, β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, and copper as composite entities. These antioxidants were selected because they were included in the 2012 Cochrane Review ( 21 ), to which we added retinol as part of vitamin A as well as zinc and copper as metals associated with the synthesis or activity of the endogenous antioxidant system ( 22 , 23 ). The antioxidants used in specific studies included in this analysis are shown in Supplementary Table 3 .…”

Copper deficiency may be a leading cause of ischaemic heart disease

“…Copper deficiency, by reducing levels of SOD, can lead to reductions in NO, which in turn leads to reduced endothelial function, lower vasodilation and increased oxidative stress, all of these being hallmarks of atherosclerosis. 28 Copper deficiency also reduces liver and plasma selenoglutathione peroxidase. 29 …”

“…Humans with diabetic nephropathy show significantly lower plasma levels of SOD, as well as an increased urinary copper excretion. 28 Both of these factors may play a role in the increased incidence of IHD seen in diabetics. Thus, in individuals with diabetes and microalbuminuria, lower SOD and lower copper levels could promote IHD.…”

“… 37 Copper deficiency likely exacerbates mitochondrial damage via lower levels and activity of SOD. 28 38 39 …”

The Practical Value of Oxidant-Antioxidant Parameters Inpatients Treated With Hemodialysis

“…Серед основних цільових напрямків досліджень ОС у діалізних пацієнтів є визначення особливостей змін О/А показників залежно від процедур діалізу та типу діалізних мембран; дослідження впливу модальності ДНЗТ на О/А показники; дослідження змін О/А показників за умов розвитку ССУ у таких пацієнтів [33,34,37], за наявності у них гіпертензії [24], порушень нутриційного статусу [19,50], розвитку хронічного запалення [19,47,52] та за наявності анемії, яка теж є прооксидантим станом [12].…”