Cardiovascular changes with age and exercise

Kasch, Fred W.; Boyer, John L.; Camp, Steven Van; Nettl, F; Verity, Larry; Wallace, Janet P.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00028.x

Cited by 49 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Therefore, it appears physical activity is only capable of attenuating the age-associated reduction in fitness. This is further supported by Kasch et al (1995) who reported a 5% per decade decline in fitness in physically active men over a 28-year period, compared to detrained men who experienced a 19% per decade decline in fitness.…”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnesssupporting

confidence: 63%

Effects of acute and chronic low-volume high-intensity interval exercise on cardiovascular health in patients with coronary artery disease

Currie

2013

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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The merits of low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (HIT) have been established in healthy populations; however, no studies have examined this exercise prescription in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The present thesis examined the acute and chronic effects of HIT in patients with CAD. The first study demonstrated transient improvements in brachial artery endothelial-dependent function, which was assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) 60 min following a single bout of either HIT or moderate-intensity endurance exercise (END) in habitually active patients. The second study demonstrated no effects of training status on the acute endothelial responses to exercise; following 12-weeks of either HIT or END training. However, there was a significant reduction in endothelial-independent function immediately postexercise, at both pre- and post-training, which requires further examination. The third study demonstrated comparable increases in fitness and resting FMD following 12-weeks of END and HIT, lending support to the notion that favourable adaptations are obtainable with a smaller volume of exercise. Finally, the fourth study demonstrated no change in heart rate recovery following 12-weeks of END and HIT. However, pre-training heart rate recovery values reported by our sample were in a low risk range, which suggests training induced improvements may only be achievable in populations with attenuated pre-training values. The results of this thesis provide preliminary evidence that supports the use of HIT in patients with CAD. The findings of favourable transient and chronic improvements following HIT are notable, especially given that the HIT protocol involves less time and work than END, which was modelled after the current exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation. Further investigations are necessary, including the assessment of additional physiological indices; the feasibility and adherence to HIT; the inclusion of CAD populations with comorbidities, including heart failure and diabetes; as well as other forms of HIT training, including HIT combined with resistance training.

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Section: Cardiorespiratory Fitnesssupporting

confidence: 63%

Effects of acute and chronic low-volume high-intensity interval exercise on cardiovascular health in patients with coronary artery disease

Currie

2013

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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“…HR max has been shown to decrease in both males and females [47] at the same rate in both aging athletes and sedentary populations [54,56,57,71,72,108] at approximately one beat per year after the age of 10 years. Hawkins et al [47] examined longitudinal changes in VO 2max , HR max , and training volume in 86 male (53.9± 1.1 year) and 49 female (49.1±1.2 year) masters endurance runners over an 8.5-year period.…”

Section: Central Factors Affecting Maximal Aerobic Powermentioning

confidence: 97%

“…An age-related reduction in VO 2max has also been well documented in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of male and female endurance athletes undertaking high levels of endurance training into older age [11,32,40,42,48,53,56,57,71,72,78,106,108], suggesting that some decrease in VO 2max appears inevitable with aging, despite physical training into older age. However, the rates of decline in VO 2max have been reported to be reduced [54,55,78], similar [108], or greater [47,71] than age-matched sedentary individuals.…”

Section: Maximal Aerobic Powermentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A common observation in studies of masters endurance athletes is that there is an age-related decrease in arteriovenous oxygen difference [76,94]. However, it appears that when young and older endurance athletes are matched for training volume, this age-related decrease is attenuated or disappears [34,40], suggesting that the well-observed decrease in training volume and intensity with age in masters endurance athletes [54,56,100,101] may explain the decline in arteriovenous oxygen difference.…”

Section: Peripheral Factors Affecting Maximal Aerobic Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endurance performance in masters athletes

Reaburn

Dascombe²

2008

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

126

151

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Masters athletes are typically older than 35 years of age and systematically train for, and compete in, organized forms of sport specifically designed for older adults. They are motivated to participate in masters sport for a wide variety of reasons. Age-related declines in endurance performance are observed across the endurance sports of running, orienteering, rowing, and swimming. These declines are curvilinear from age 35 years until approximately age 60-70 years and exponential thereafter. The decline in endurance performance appears primarily due to an age-related decrease in VO 2max secondary to an age-related decrease in HR max and possible age-related declines in stroke volume and arteriovenous oxygen difference. While performance velocity at lactate threshold decreases with age in masters endurance athletes, it appears to increase relative to VO 2max while exercise economy is maintained. There also appears an age-related decrease in active muscle mass, type II muscle fiber size, and blood volume that contribute to decreased endurance performance. However, research suggests that maintenance of training intensity and volume into older age may mediate the rate of age-related decline in VO 2max , stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, blood volume, and muscle mass in masters endurance athletes.

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“…The most important risk factors include muscle strength of the knee and hip extensors and flexors and lateral postural stability (Horak 2006;Runge and Hunter 2006;Orr et al 2008). Nevertheless, it is possible to slow down age-related decreases in neuromuscular function and aerobic capacity by performing strength-and endurance training using proper volume and intensity (Häkkinen 1994;Kasch et al 1995;Häkkinen et al 1998;Mian et al 2007;Baker et al 2007). Furthermore, increased maximal and explosive muscle strength has indirect effects on improved postural control and, thereafter, balance due to possible changes in explosive strength characteristics (Baker et al 2007;Mian et al 2007;Orr et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on muscle strength, walking speed and dynamic balance in aging men

et al. 2011

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The aim of this study was to examine effects of 21-week twice weekly strength (ST), endurance (ET) and combined (ST + ET 2 + 2 times a week) (SET) training on neuromuscular, endurance and walking performances as well as balance. 108 healthy men (56.3 ± 9.9 years) were divided into three training (ST; n = 30, ET; n = 26, SET; n = 31) groups and controls (C n = 21). Dynamic 1RM and explosive leg presses (1RMleg, 50%1RMleg), peak oxygen uptake using a bicycle ergometer (VO(2peak)), 10 m loaded walking time (10WALK) and dynamic balance distance (DYND) were measured. Significant increases were observed in maximal 1RMleg of 21% in ST (p < 0.001) and 22% in SET (p < 0.001) and in explosive 50%1RMleg of 7.5% in ST (p = 0.005) and 10.2% in SET (p < 0.001). VO(2peak) increased by 12.5% in ET (p = 0.001) and 9.8% in SET (p < 0.001). Significant decreases occurred in 10WALK in ST (p < 0.001) and SET (p = 0.003) and also in DYND of -10.3% in ST (p = 0.002) and -8% in SET (p = 0.028). The changes in C remained minor in all variables. In conclusion, ST and SET training produced significant improvements in maximal and explosive strength, walking speed and balance without any interference effect in SET. Significant but moderate relationships were observed between strength and dynamic balance and walking speed, while no corresponding correlations were found in the ET group.

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Cardiovascular changes with age and exercise

Cited by 49 publications

References 12 publications

Effects of acute and chronic low-volume high-intensity interval exercise on cardiovascular health in patients with coronary artery disease

Effects of acute and chronic low-volume high-intensity interval exercise on cardiovascular health in patients with coronary artery disease

Endurance performance in masters athletes

Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on muscle strength, walking speed and dynamic balance in aging men

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