Cardiovascular calcification and bone: a comparison of the effects of dietary and serum antioxidants

Abstract

<p>Severe cardiovascular (CV) calcification can manifest as fully formed bone and is regularly found with osteoporosis; both have been shown to be associated with oxidative stress. Studies of the effect of antioxidants on CV calcification are few, but show that deficiency can induce both CV calcification and bone loss, while in conditions of oxidative stress such as renal failure, diabetes and smoking or in osteoporosis and fracture, antioxidants can reduce CV calcification and improve bone. The benefit of antioxidants in healthy adults is less clear and some may be detrimental. Higher intake of <em>α</em>-tocopherol (105.5mg/d vs 76.4mg/d) and β-cryptoxanthin may increase risk of CV calcification while high intake of retinol (≥3000mcg/d) may increase hip fracture risk, although possibly only with vitamin D intake ≤440IU/d; the carotenoids lycopene and β-carotene, however, appear beneficial in bone. Vitamin C shows little effect on CV calcification, although longer term supplementation may improve bone mineral density where calcium intake is >500mg/d. Potential reasons for this include a U-shaped dose/response curve for the fat-soluble antioxidants vitamins A and E (with peak bone mass achieved with retinol intake of 600–840 mcg/d), a failure to measure baseline concentrations so that the response cannot be stratified by requirement, the need to be replete in calcium and vitamin D and supplementation of the wrong isomer of vitamin E. Finally, although little studied, tocotrienols, tocopherols (with the exception of α-tocopherol), resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, α-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine may be effective in both the CV system and bone. </p>

Biochemical Association of MTHFR C677T Polymorphism with Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor

“…MI is a complicated, multifactorial, and polygenic cardiovascular disease that results from the interplay between inherited predisposition and ecological factors [ 12 ]. Conventional risk aspects, such as nutrition, adiposity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, inflammatory processes, tobacco smoking, and excessive alcohol intake, have been shown to predict about 50% of an individual patient’s risk of having a cardiovascular incident, with the remainder due to genetic variables [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The genetic vulnerability may result from alteration and mutations in a number of genes, primarily those implicated in the clotting of blood, maintenance of blood pressure and metabolism of lipid, glucose, and homocysteine [ 13 ].…”

Cardiovascular Calcification and Bone: A Comparison of The Effects of Dietary and Serum Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium and Vitamin D

“…The association between both pathologies also depends on the mechanisms involved in the regulation of bone and CV metabolism 5 . We have previously shown that the nutrients and micronutrients that benefit the CV system generally also benefit bone [6][7][8] . In this article we discuss the effect and interactions of the principal dietary bone minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and vitamin D on CV calcification and bone health in principally older adults.…”