Cardiovascular and thermal responses in rats during 94 GHz irradiation

Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances

“…Several far-field exposure scenarios have also been reported for in vivo studies [11,31,[42][43][44]. Here again, the choice of the far-field exposure conditions was motivated by the more uniform PD distribution compared to near-field exposures.…”

“…For a given antenna, there are two possible solutions to reach higher PD: (1) to increase the output power and (2) to bring closer the antenna and the sample. The first solution requires the use of high-power generators [43,44] that are not always available for research purposes [46,47]. The second solution implies characterization of the near-field distribution in the presence of biological samples in the reactive zone [38].…”

Excessive whole-body exposure to 28 GHz quasi-millimeter wave induces thermoregulation accompanied by a change in skin blood flow proportion in rats

“…This suggests that the rectal temperature of the rat reaches 42°C because its initial temperature was 36.7 ± 0.5°C. Several research groups have found a precipitous decrease in arterial blood pressure and subsequent death in rats at approximately 42°C of colonic temperature under MMW exposure ( 25 , 27 , 28 ). Thus, a similar phenomenon may be induced at our estimated exposure intensity of 38 W/kg of WBASAR.…”

“…Thus, the final temperature of the dorsal skin was expected to be 40°C. It has been reported that the critical temperature for deep dermal burns was 41.9°C in rat skin (26). Therefore, if the exposure intensity exceeds an APD of 291 W/m 2 , qMMW exposure may induce skin damage.…”

Recent Advances in Research on Radiofrequency Fields and Health

“…Using another model to predict the absorbed electromagnetic power distribution and bioheat transfer, Van Leewuen (1999) estimated the maximum rise in brain temperature to be 0.11°C for an antenna with an average emitted power of 0.25 W. In another study, Khudnitskii et al (1999) found that ultrahigh frequency radiation causes significant changes in local temperature and in physiologic parameters of the central nervous system, as well as in the cardiovascular system. Jauchem et al (1999) conducted an experiment involving sixteen ketamine-anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats individually exposed to 94 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation at a power density of 75 mW/cm 2 . This exposure was found to produce extreme peripheral heating without similar core heating, sufficient to produce circulatory failure and subsequent death.…”