Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise and Training

Evans, David L.

doi:10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30748-4

Cited by 59 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Evans and Rose [11] described the relationship between percentage of maximal heart rate . The lack of significant differences in the HR response to both events found in the present research showed that the horses required the same cardiac output (CO) during exercise, as HR is the main determinant of CO [10]. HRs near 200 bpm together with high plasma LA levels represented a limitation in the oxygen supply to the active muscles during the CC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

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Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Muñoz¹,

Riber²,

Santisteban³

et al. 1999

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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ABSTRACT. The cardiovascular and metabolic response to two cross-country events (CC*: preliminary level and CC*** advanced level) were analysed in 8 male eventing horses (4 Anglo-Hunter and 4 Anglo-Arabian). This study focused on the establishment of the main metabolic pathways involved in the muscle energy resynthesis during the competitions. Heart rate (HR) was recorded throughout the CC events. Jugular venous blood samples were withdrawn before the warm-up period, immediately after the competitions and at 5 and 10 min in the recuperation period. The following haematological parameters were studied: red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC), and number and percentages of lymphocytes (LYM) and granulocytes and monocytes (GRAN). One fraction of blood was centrifuged and, in plasma, lactate (LA), total plasma protein (TPP) and the rate of LA disappearance were determined. The competitions induced significant increases in RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV and TPP. Plasma LA response exceeded the anaerobic threshold of 4 mmol/l, reaching a maximum level of 13.3 mmol/l. HR ranged from 140 to more than 200 bpm, peaking at 230 bpm, revealing a limitation in the oxygen supply to the working muscles. It was concluded that muscle energy resynthesis during a CC event is provided both through oxidative processes and glycolysis with LA formation. Therefore, both stamina and power exercises are required for eventing horses.-KEY WORDS: equine (eventing horse), haematology, heart rate, lactate.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61(1): [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] 1999 pattern of fibre recruitment, muscle fibre composition and contractil and metabolic properties of the muscular fibres [20,25,38]. Even the high velocity exercises performed by Thoroughbred racehorses have a marked dependence on aerobic metabolism, since a high oxygen uptake and an increased red cell volume have been reported [8,25,38]. However, an important glycolytic capacity is also required during maximal exercise bouts or sprints, as high levels of blood lactate, glycerol, ammonia, hypoxantine, uric acid and allantoin have been found after racing [28,29,34]. Similarly, high muscle concentrations of lactate, hexoses monophosphate, glycerol-3-P and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) have been also presented [9,12,30,34]. Therefore, the success of an equine athlete is linked to the relationship between oxidative and glycolytic capacities. Certain cardiovascular and haematological adaptations are necessary to guarantee a correct oxygen and blood-borne substrates supply to active muscles during exercise and a release of metabolites. These systems could act as limiting factors to the aerobic potential and thereby, could limit the physical performance [15,22,26,32].The metabolic response to two cross-country competitions was assessed in eventing horses, in order to evaluate the different metabolic pathways involved in...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…After that, the increase of the muscular effort when they approached and took an obstacle produced an important elevation in HR. Maximum HRs vary between individuals and have been reported to range from 210 to 240 bpm [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Muñoz¹,

Riber²,

Santisteban³

et al. 1999

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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“…Redistribution of blood flow to the working muscles during exercise also contributes greatly to the efficient delivery of oxygen to sites of greatest need. [12] …”

Section: Cardiovascular Adaptations To Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the cardiac function during exercise

Pranati¹,

Sethu²

2017

Int j curr adv res

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“…Neben den kardiorespiratorischen Parametern nimmt auch die trainingsbedingte kardiale Hypertrophie (Evans 1985, Fagard 1997, Foreman et al 1990, Georg et al 2012) nach Beendigung des Trainings wieder ab (Kriz et al 2000). In den ersten 4 Wochen nach Trainingsstopp können dabei meist noch keine Dimensionsveränderungen festgestellt werden, was darauf hindeutet, dass zuvor ausreichend trainierte Pferde eine vierwöchige Ruhepause absolvieren können, ohne dass es zu substantiellen Verlusten der kardialen Kapazität kommt.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Influence of 3 month of training on heart size and myocardial function in trotters

Gehlen¹,

Schlaga²

2017

PHK

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Zusammenfassung: Um den eventuellen Effekt einer kardialen Dekonditionierung zu erfassen, wurde in dieser Studie eine Gruppe zweijähriger gesunder Trabrennpferde im trainierten Zustand (Rennkondition) und nach einer Trainingspause klinisch und echokardiographisch untersucht. Als echokardiographische Untersuchungsmethoden wurden neben der B-, M-Mode und Farbdopplertechnik auch der Gewebedoppler (Farb-und Spektralgewebedoppler) Influence of 3 month of training on heart size and myocardial function in trottersTo evaluate a possible effect of cardiac deconditioning, a group of 2-year old healthy trotters was examined clinically and by echocardiography in racing condition and after a period of rest. Echocardiographic examinations included 2DE, M-mode, Doppler, TVI assessment (spectral and colour TVI) as well as speckle tracking analysis. Overall, 12 horses were examined twice (trained vs. rested) at a three month interval. Heart sized and myocardial thickness were evaluated by using 2DE and M-mode, all valves by colour Doppler. Myocardial velocities were measured by spectral and colour TVI in the left free ventricular wall, the interventricular septum and the right ventricular wall in radial orientation from right parasternal short-axis echocardiograms. Myocardial deformation parameters strain and strain rate were evaluated by speckle tracking analysis of the left ventricular wall and the interventricular septum from 2DE images. After three month of rest, a significant increase of the left ventricular free wall by 14.54 % (P = 0.006) was found in 2DE images compared to horses in race training. The left ventricular inner diameter had decreased by 4.99 % (P = 0.048). In addition, the isovolumetric relaxation time of the left ventricular free wall showed a significant reduction of 9.52 % (P = 0.040) in spectral Doppler imaging. Ejection time from the left ventricle was increased significantly by 4.69 % (P = 0.019) in colour TVI. Speckle tracking analysis showed a significant increase of early diastolic strain rate in the interventricular septum (P = 0.020). There were no significant differences in all other parameters studied. As all horses had access to pasture during the resting period, voluntary exercise might have been sufficient to compensate for race training.

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Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise and Training

Cited by 59 publications

References 45 publications

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adaptations in Horses Competing in Cross-Country Events.

A review on the cardiac function during exercise

Influence of 3 month of training on heart size and myocardial function in trotters

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