Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Macronutrient Intake, and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study

Finley, Carrie E.; LaMonte, Michael J.; Waslien, Carol I.; Barlow, Carolyn E.; Blair, Steven N.; Nichaman, Milton Z.

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.02.012

Cited by 68 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The present results support the findings of cross-sectional (12,15,16) and prospective (4 -7) studies concerning the association of cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic syndrome. In a crosssectional population-based study, middle-aged men who were in the lowest third of directly measured VO 2max were almost 7 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome than those in the highest third (12).…”

Section: Classification Of Glucose Tolerancesupporting

confidence: 90%

Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Feature of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women

et al. 2008

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OBJECTIVE -We studied the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic syndrome in older men and women, because such data are limited in representative population samples. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We studied a population sample of 671 men and 676 women aged 57-79 years at baseline of a randomized controlled intervention study. We assessed maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) by respiratory gas analysis during a maximal bicycle exercise test. RESULTS-VO 2max had a strong, inverse, and graded association with the risk of having metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. Men and women in the lowest third of VO 2max had 10.2-and 10.8-fold higher risks and those in the middle third had 2.9-and 4.7-fold higher risks (P Ͻ 0.001 all) of metabolic syndrome than those with the highest VO 2max after multivariable adjustments. Factor analysis generated a principal factor that was strongly loaded by the main components of metabolic syndrome and VO 2max (Ϫ0.68 in men and Ϫ0.70 in women).CONCLUSIONS -Low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with metabolic syndrome in older men and women. Our findings suggest that low cardiorespiratory fitness could be considered a feature of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 31:1242-1247, 2008T he epidemic of metabolic syndrome is due in part to sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, unhealthy diet, and increased overweight and obesity (1). Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and premature mortality (2,3). Higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness have been associated with a decreased risk of developing metabolic syndrome (4 -7) and its consequences of type 2 diabetes, CVD, and premature mortality (8 -11).Only a few population-based studies have been published on the association of cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic syndrome (4,5,7,12,13). Most have included only young and middle-aged individuals or men and have used indirect measurements of maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ). We have previously found strong association of a low VO 2max with an increased risk of having or developing metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men (4,12). Based on factor analysis, we have suggested that poor cardiorespiratory fitness could be considered a feature of metabolic syndrome (12).We assessed the association of directly measured VO 2max with metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose metabolism in a large population sample of older men and women. Because metabolic syndrome consists of highly correlated features, factor analysis was used as a complementary statistical approach. The present study extends our knowledge on the association of cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic syndrome in middleaged men (12) to older men and women, the fastest growing segment of the population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We used the baseline data of the Dose-Responses to ExerciseTraining Study (DR's EXTRA), which is an ongoing 4-year randomized controlled trial o...

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Section: Classification Of Glucose Tolerancesupporting

confidence: 90%

Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Feature of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women

et al. 2008

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“…In our patients, total and saturated fat intake were associated with changes in weight, BMI, waist circumference, and diastolic blood pressure, but not (or slightly) with metabolic variables. This differs from other studies that found a correlation with insulin resistance (35,36), but is in line with the results of many prospective or intervention trials (25,27,28,37). Furthermore, beneficial effects were found for diets low in fats but also high in fiber, whole grain, and micronutrients (38,39), according to the reported protective effect for increased dietary fiber, particularly whole grains, on reducing diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors (40)(41)(42).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Diet or exercise: what is more effective in preventing or reducing metabolic alterations?

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Guidi

et al. 2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective/design: The influence of diet and exercise on metabolic syndrome is controversial since fit individuals might also eat healthier foods. We evaluated the association of diet/exercise variation with reductions in metabolic variables and C-reactive protein (CRP) values in the experimental and control arms of a 1-year randomized lifestyle intervention trial performed in patients with multiple metabolic abnormalities. Methods: A prospective study of 169 cases and 166 controls after a lifestyle intervention was performed. Results: In the intervention group, 15/169 (8.9%), 63/169 (37.3%), and 70/169 (41.4%) reached only dietary, only exercise, and dietary/exercise targets respectively. Reductions in weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist were significant only in patients who increased exercise. Most controls did not reach any target (131/166, 78.9%), while only few patients reached only dietary (13/166, 7.8%), only exercise (5/166, 3.0%), and dietary/exercise targets (17/166, 10.2%). Weight, BMI, and waist reduction was more pronounced in those reaching the exercise target. In the whole cohort, increased exercise was inversely associated with weight, BMI, waist, and CRP, increased saturated fat was directly associated with weight, BMI, waist, and diastolic pressure variations, while increased fiber intake was inversely associated with glucose values in a multiple regression model. After adjusting for waist changes, the associations between exercise and CRP (ßZK0.023; 95% CI K0.028 K0.017; P!0.001) and the associations between fiber and glucose (ßZK0.022; K0.031 K0.013; P!0.001) remained significant. Conclusions: Independent of weight reduction, exercise level and fiber intake are inversely associated with CRP and fasting glucose values respectively. Change in lifestyle may lower inflammation and prevent metabolic deterioration.European Journal of Endocrinology 159 685-691

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“…Previous studies regarding the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and MetS suggested that a low level of physical fitness is a strong determining factor in the prevalence of MetS. [39][40][41][42][43] Lakka et al 41 suggested that a sedentary lifestyle and especially low cardiorespiratory fitness measured by VO 2 max are not only associated with MetS but could also be considered features of MetS. On the other hand, skeletal muscle mass directly affects to individual VO 2 max level regardless of upper and lower extremity exercise, 44 and sarcopenia is associated with age-related loss of VO 2 max among healthy people across the adult age range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse effects of coexistence of sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome in Japanese women

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Little information is available regarding the interactions of sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the risks of these age-associated diseases in women. The present cross-sectional study was performed to investigate whether the coexistence of sarcopenia and MetS further increases the risks of lifestyle-related diseases in Japanese women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Healthy Japanese women (n ¼ 533) aged 30-84 participated in this study. MetS was defined as higher body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, systolic or diastolic blood pressure and blood lipid abnormalities. Appendicular muscle mass and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The criterion of low muscle mass and strength defined median skeletal muscle index (appendicular muscle mass/height 2 , kg/m 2 ) and handgrip strength. RESULTS: Two-way ANCOVA with adjustment for age, body fat percentage and whole-body lean tissue mass indicated that sarcopenia and MetS interacted to produce a significant effect on HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Japanese women. The systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were significantly higher in women with coexisting sarcopenia and MetS than in healthy controls or in those with sarcopenia or MetS alone. The HbA1c in the coexisting sarcopenia and MetS group was higher than in healthy controls and sarcopenia subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The coexistence of sarcopenia and MetS further increases the risks of cardiovascular diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arterial stiffness and hyperlipidemia even adjustment of age and body composition in adult Japanese women.

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Macronutrient Intake, and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study

Cited by 68 publications

References 26 publications

Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Feature of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women

Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Feature of Metabolic Syndrome in Older Men and Women

Diet or exercise: what is more effective in preventing or reducing metabolic alterations?

Adverse effects of coexistence of sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome in Japanese women

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