Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors

LaMonte, Michael J.; Eisenman, Patricia A.; Adams, Ted D.; Shultz, Barry B.; Ainsworth, Barbara E.; Yanowitz, Frank G.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.102.14.1623

Cited by 71 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Many of the risk factors for CAD and other forms of CVD are the same as those which increase risk for HF, including hypertension, smoking, and diabetes mellitus. Individuals who are relatively fit have a lower risk factor burden when compared with those who are poorly fit, 35,36 and we generally observed lower fitness and a higher burden of chronic disease among individuals who developed HF (Table 1). Fitter subjects have a marked attenuation in blood pressure trajectory with aging, 37 which could potentially reduce the risk of future HF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Reclassification of Risk for Incidence of Heart Failure

Myers

Kokkinos

Chan

et al. 2017

Circ: Heart Failure

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Background— It is well established that cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. However, little is known regarding the association between CRF and incidence of heart failure (HF). Methods and Results— Between 1987 and 2014, we assessed CRF in 21 080 HF-free subjects (58.3±11 years) at the Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, CA. Subjects were classified by age-specific quintiles of CRF. Multivariable Cox models were used to determine the association between HF incidence and clinical and exercise test variables. Reclassification characteristics of fitness relative to standard clinical risk factors were determined using the category-free net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement indices. During the follow-up (mean 12.3±7.4 years), 1902 subjects developed HF (9.0%; average annual incidence rate, 7.4 events per 1000 person-years). When CRF was considered as a binary variable (unfit/fit), low fitness was the strongest predictor of risk for HF among clinical and exercise test variables (hazard ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.74–2.09; P <0.001). In a fully adjusted model with the least-fit group as the reference, there was a graded and progressive reduction in risk for HF as fitness level was higher. Risks for developing HF were 36%, 41%, 67%, and 76% lower among increasing quintiles of fitness compared with the least-fit subjects ( P <0.001). Adding CRF to standard risk factors resulted in a net reclassification improvement of 0.37 ( P <0.001). Conclusions— CRF is strongly, inversely, and independently associated with the incidence of HF in veterans referred for exercise testing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Reclassification of Risk for Incidence of Heart Failure

Myers

Kokkinos

Chan

et al. 2017

Circ: Heart Failure

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“…O'Donovan et al (2005), reported VO2 max was a good predictor of coronary heart disease [39]. Lamonte et al,(2000) also reported cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly associated with coronary heart disease [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of urinary cadmium on cardiovascular fitness as measured by VO2 max in white, black and Mexican Americans

Egwuogu

Shendell

Okosun

et al. 2009

Environmental Research

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THE EFFECT OF URINARY CADMIUM ON CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS AS MEASURED BY VO2 MAX IN WHITE, BLACK AND MEXICAN AMERICANS. ________________________________________________________________________Heartley Egwuogu: Institute of Public Health Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia. Context:Cadmium is an important predictor of lung function, including forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and peak flow. Current evidence supports the notion that cadmium may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular fitness. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cadmium exposure on cardiovascular fitness in representative sample of US white, blacks and Mexican Americans. The study also sought to determine if the relationship between cadmium and cardiovascular fitness varies by gender and racial/ethnic group. Methods: The data utilized for this study were obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). One-thousand nine hundred and sixty three subjects with data on cardiovascular fitness were eligible for this investigation. In NHANES, cardiovascular measurements were taken in series consisting of two minutes warm up exercise, two-three minutes exercise testing and two minutes resting period .The goal was to elicit 75% of predetermined age-specific heart rate by the end of the stress test. Cadmium was measured in the laboratory by taking urine sample of participants. Gender and race/ethnic specific multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine relationship of urinary cadmium with VO2 max. Results: There were gender and racial/ethnic difference in the relationship between urinary cadmium and VO2 max. In males and females, increased concentration of urinary cadmium was associated with decreased VO2 max across racial/ethnic groups (except in black males. The greatest negative association between cadmium and VO2 max was observed in black females (beta=-0.330) while the lowest value was recorded for white females (Beta=-0.074). The association was statistically significant in white males (Beta=-0.402, P =0.020) and Mexican American females (Beta=-0.290, P=0.026). Conclusion: There was inverse association between urinary cadmium and estimated VO2 max in a US nationally representative sample of White, Black and Mexican Americans. The impact of the gender and racial/ethnic differences in the association between urinary cadmium and VO2 max is not clear and warrants further investigation.

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“…Although levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness have been reported to be related with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors, many cross sectional studies linked levels of either physical activity 7,8) or cardiorespiratory fitness [9][10][11] with CHD risk factors. Less studies simultaneously investigated the relationships between levels of physical activity as well as cardiorespiratory fitness with CHD risk factors in children 12,13) or middle-aged individuals, [14][15][16] which were reported from European and North American countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Collegiate Women

Imamura

Yoshimura

Okishima

et al. 2009

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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The purpose of this study was: to validate metabolic equivalents (METs) · hr/week by comparing with maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) as a measure of physical activities, to examine the relationships between METs · hr/week,VO 2 max, and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors according to the goals of METs · hr/week andVO 2 max in ml·kg −1 ·min −1 for health promotion set in the Ex- Key words --metabolic equivalent·hour/week, maximal oxygen uptake, intensity, quantity of physical activity

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Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors

Cited by 71 publications

References 34 publications

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Reclassification of Risk for Incidence of Heart Failure

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Reclassification of Risk for Incidence of Heart Failure

The effect of urinary cadmium on cardiovascular fitness as measured by VO2 max in white, black and Mexican Americans

Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Collegiate Women

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