Cardiac output in athletes.

Ekblom, Björn; Hermansen, Lars

doi:10.1152/jappl.1968.25.5.619

Cited by 271 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The cardiac output of trained endurance athletes may increase from 5 to 6 L/min at rest to up to 40 L/min during maximal exercise. 73 The heart adapts to this volume load with an increase in internal diameter. Blood pressure also increases during endurance exercise, although to a lesser extent than during strength training.…”

Section: Endurance-trained Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Athlete’s Heart

Pluim

Zwinderman²,

Laarse³

et al. 2000

Circulation

830

267

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Background-It has been postulated that depending on the type of exercise performed, 2 different morphological forms of athlete's heart may be distinguished: a strength-trained heart and an endurance-trained heart. Individual studies have not tested this hypothesis satisfactorily. Methods and Results-The hypothesis of divergent cardiac adaptations in endurance-trained and strength-trained athletes was tested by applying meta-analytical techniques with the assumption of a random study effects model incorporating all published echocardiographic data on structure and function of male athletes engaged in purely dynamic (running) or static (weight lifting, power lifting, bodybuilding, throwing, wrestling) sports and combined dynamic and static sports (cycling and rowing

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Section: Endurance-trained Athletesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Athlete’s Heart

Pluim

Zwinderman²,

Laarse³

et al. 2000

Circulation

830

267

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Hemodynamic (BevegArd and Shepherd, 1967;Ekblom and Hermansen, 1968; Ekblom et af., Mellanders et al, 1967;Rowell, 197 1 ), biochemical (Kotchen et al, 197 1 ;Laragh and Sealey, 1973), and hematologic (Astrand and Saltin, 1964 Martin et al, 1977) changes normally develop during endurance training, and these differences have been cited to account for the improved exercise capacity which characterizes physically conditioned subjects (Beveghrd and Shepherd, 1967;Ekblom et d., 1968;Rowell, 197 1). While performance depends on many factors, most studies indicate that it is ultimately limited by the capacity of the cardiovascular system to increase transport of oxygen to active muscles (Astrand, 1976; Hartley et af., 1969;Rowell, Scheuer andTipton, 1977, 1971).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of exercise on plasma viscosity in athletes and sedentary normal subjects

Letcher

Pickering

Chien

et al. 1981

Clinical Cardiology

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Summary:To assess the immediate and long-term effects of exercise on factors regulating blood flow, we measured plasma viscosity (qP) and plasma renin activity (PRA) in 17 trained runners and 16 sedentary healthy subjects before and 10 min after graded treadmill exercise. Resting vP was lower in runners primarily because of significantly lower fibrinogen concentration. Compared to nonrunners with similar 24-h urine electrolyte excretion rates, runners were characterized by lower PRA at rest. In view of the overall correlation between heart rate and PRA before exercise, reduced adrenergic tone was probably a major factor contributing to the lower PRA in runners. After exercise, plasma viscosity and PRA exceeded control levels, and were similar in magnitude in runners and sedentary subjects. Changes in plasma viscosity were less than expected from the degree of hemoconcentration, primarily because enhanced fibrinolysis maintained fibrinogen level constant. To the extent that plasma viscosity affects viscous flow resistance, the results suggest that tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery rate at rest are greater in trained runners than in sedentary subjects, but these variables become similar after maximum exertion.

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“…Aerobic training increases oxygen delivery by increasing muscle blood flow, and is achieved by elevated cardiac output (Ekblom & Hermansen, 1968), increased capillarization of muscle tissue (Anderson & Hendriksson, 1977;Saltin & Rowell, 1980), and improved vasodilation (Sinoway, Musch, Minotti, & Zelis, 1986). Blood volume and total hemoglobin volume also increases with endurance training (Brooks, et al, 2005).…”

Section: Endurance Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Mechanisms of Vocal Fatigue

2017

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Vocal fatigue is among the most debilitating conditions affecting individuals with voice disorders. Impressions about mechanisms potentially underlying vocal fatigue have varied depending on how fatigue is defined, participants studied, and measures made, thereby impacting the selection of treatment strategies that may alleviate the condition. However, little is currently known about actual metabolic mechanisms of vocal fatigue. The current study aimed to address this issue by investigating the hypothesis that neuromuscular inefficiency, cardiovascular recovery deficits, or both, may play a role in fatigue. The approach replicated well-vetted approaches in exercise physiology.Metabolic profiles of subjects with vocal fatigue were assessed using gas exchange measures in comparison to two non-fatigue groups: vocally healthy and cardiovascular trained individuals, recruited based on results from a newly vetted questionnaire, the Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI) and laryngeal examination. Participants read out loud at two different loudness levels for a duration of 5 minutes for each task with periods of rest between tasks. Metabolic cost for and recovery time from reading were same across all groups. Oxygen uptake and recovery kinetics (EPOC), ratings of perceived exertion revealed interesting patterns in individuals with vocal fatigue compared to cardiovascular trained individuals in particular.Specifically, slow oxygen uptake kinetics in the vocal fatigue compared to the cardiovascular iv trained group pointed to utilization of anaerobic energy source to meet the demands of the reading task in the vocal fatigue group, suggesting neuromuscular inefficiency. In contrast, rapid oxygen uptake kinetics in the cardiovascular trained group pointed to utilization of aerobic energy sources and greater neuromuscular efficiency. Similarly, a greater number of individuals in vocal fatigue and vocally healthy groups showed an increase in oxygen consumption post reading (EPOC) compared to the cardiovascular trained group, indicating possible cardiovascular recovery deficits in the former groups.In addition to uncovering potential mechanisms underlying vocal fatigue, including neuromuscular inefficiency and cardiovascular recovery deficits, results from the present study highlight the potential importance of aerobic training to generate aerobic energy required for vocal task demands for both ease of task performance and recovery from it. In sharp contrast to the situation for voice, fatigue as a common physical phenomenon more generally has received extensive attention in the physical therapy, sports medicine, and exercise physiology literature. Three broad schools of thought identify mechanisms pertaining to the origins of physical fatigue: (1) peripheral mechanisms (Allen, Lamb, & Westerblad, 2008;Asmussen, 1979;Edwards, 1981;Fitts, 1994;Westerblad, Allen, & Lannergren, 2002;Westerblad, Lee, Lannergren, & Allen, 1991), (2) The next pages and chapters provide pertinent background information on vocal fatigue, fatigue as understood ...

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Cardiac output in athletes.

Cited by 271 publications

References 8 publications

The Athlete’s Heart

The Athlete’s Heart

Effects of exercise on plasma viscosity in athletes and sedentary normal subjects

Metabolic Mechanisms of Vocal Fatigue

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