Cardiac Output Calculation and Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Comparison of Cardiac Output of Both 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography With Transpulmonary Thermodilution During Cardiac Surgery

“…This provided hope that direct planimetry of the left ventricular outflow tract using 3D TEE could overcome this problem. A report from Montealegre-Gallegos et al 18 confirmed a bias of À10% of cardiac output estimation using 2D TEE using the outer edge left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral trace compared with direct planimetry with 3D TEE. Graeser et al 19 compared estimation of cardiac output using 3D planimetry of the left ventricular outflow tract with thermodilution and similar to the present study reported wide limits of agreement.…”

“…The authors demonstrated that the left ventricular outflow tract area is larger when measured using 3D methods owing to a frequent oval rather than circular shape and that the 2D measurement is likely to measure the short axis rather than the long axis of the oval, consistent with previous reports. 18,19 However, 2D aortic valve area planimetry was similar to 3D area measurement, although accurate planimetry required good visualization of the aortic valve leaflets, which may be compromised in stenotic or prosthetic valves. The aortic valve area is not uniform throughout systole, and the end-systolic measurement may be an overestimation compared with the time-averaged area.…”

“…Three-dimensional (3D) TEE enables direct measurement the left ventricular outflow tract area, which revealed an elliptical rather than a circular shape, 17 and the diameter measured with 2D TEE measures its minor axis, resulting in underestimation of the left ventricular outflow tract area and underestimation of cardiac output of approximately 10% compared with 3D TEE. 18 Despite overcoming this negative bias of 2D TEE cardiac output estimation, the limits of agreement of 3D TEE planimetry of the left ventricular outflow tract area in the cardiac surgery setting compared with thermodilution were found to be nonacceptably wide. 19 It is possible that estimation of cardiac output using 3D TEE planimetry of the aortic valve area may have narrower limits of agreement, but the authors are unaware of reports of this.…”

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy-Induced Cardiac Index Increase Measured by Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Can Predict Decreases in Brain Natriuretic Peptide

“…This might be explained by better accuracy with 3DE and previous studies report increased accuracy and reproducibility of volume assessment by 3DE. 8,27 We used a Doppler-based technique to measure CI by 2DE; however, because the LVOT is oval in shape and can only be appreciated with a 3D method such as 3D echo or CT reconstruction, LVOT and aortic valve area measurements tend to be underestimated by 2DE compared with those measured by 3DE, 28,29 which may affect the accuracy of CI 2D .…”

Cardiac Imaging—3-Dimensional Echocardiography

“…Specifically, 3D imaging has demonstrated value in quantitative analyses of structural heart diseases 6,7,14,15 and hemodynamic calculations as well. 16,17 Recently, 3D echocardiographic data have been used for 3D printing of intracardiac structures. [18][19][20] Some studies have shown that 3D echocardiography is an effective tool for quantifying ejection fraction.…”