Cardiac Doppler flow velocities in human fetuses.

Abstract

Cardiac Doppler flow velocity studies were performed in normal human fetuses between 18 and 40 weeks of gestation. Two-dimensional linear array and sector scanning techniques were used for the initial evaluation of the fetuses, which included a standard ultrasound examination to determine normal anatomy and estimated gestational age and weight. Fetal

Cardiac Output and Central Distribution of Blood Flow in the Human Fetus

“…14,15 The sample volume was set at 1 to 3 mm; the high-pass filter, at 100 to 200 Hz. 5,9,16 At least 5 consecutive uniform Doppler velocity waveforms with the highest velocities and a narrow band of frequencies ("clean" signal) were recorded, and 1 cycle was analyzed. 10 The following features were determined: fetal heart rate (FHR); time velocity integral (TVI); stroke volume (TVI · · d 2 /4), 9,10,17 where d is the diameter of the vessel; and output per minute (stroke volume · FHR).…”

Fetal cardiac performance in uncomplicated and well‐controlled maternal type I diabetes

“…Techniques of fetal cardiac imaging and measurements have been reported elsewhere [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . All parameters measured were re-analyzed off-line by one of the authors (E.T.J).…”

Fetal echo cardiography: the state of the art of the state of the heart

“…By measuring the area of a valve, the perfusion can then be calculated either as stroke volume or by involving the heart frequency as cardiac output. Very early on such values were calculated for the atrioventricular and semilunar valves throughout gestation and compared to data measured in the 1960s in instrumented animals [13][14][15][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] . With the advent of color Doppler, tiny vessels became visible and thus reliably accessible to spectral Doppler evaluation.…”

“…In the late 1980s the first steps were taken in the new field of Doppler ultrasound by determining whether pulsed and color Doppler were of value in improving the detection of cardiac malformations and in assessing fetal cardiac function [13][14][15] . Ideas, impulses and tools were supplied, as always, by pediatric and adult cardiologists.…”