Abstract:Background-The objectives of this study were to establish reference ranges for left and right cardiac output and to investigate blood flow distribution through the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary bed in human fetuses. Methods and Results-A prospective study was performed in 222 normal fetuses from 13 to 41 weeks of gestation with high-resolution color Doppler ultrasound. Cardiac output and ductal flow were calculated by use of vessel diameter and the time-velocity integral. Pulmonary blood flow… Show more
“…Compared with those using leading edges (inner-outer diameter) for the vessel cross-section measurement, our results of CCO are lower (1300 vs. 1900 mL/min at 38 weeks) 29 ; our results are more in agreement with those using inner diameters in their calculation, as they are for CCO/kg (400 vs. 425 mL/min/kg) 30 . The 6% difference may be ascribed to technique (this study measured between valves at the ostium), or to chance.…”
“…Compared with those using leading edges (inner-outer diameter) for the vessel cross-section measurement, our results of CCO are lower (1300 vs. 1900 mL/min at 38 weeks) 29 ; our results are more in agreement with those using inner diameters in their calculation, as they are for CCO/kg (400 vs. 425 mL/min/kg) 30 . The 6% difference may be ascribed to technique (this study measured between valves at the ostium), or to chance.…”
“…Cerebral MRI can sometimes show evident gyral anomalies including lissencephaly and extensive polymicrogyria. Its difficulty is accentuated, however, if there is no passive ventricular dilatation related to atrophy or simplified gyral pattern, as clearly shown in the literature for the postnatal period 4 .…”
Section: Late Onset Microcephaly: Failure Of Prenatal Diagnosismentioning
“…Combined cardiac output (CCO) was defined as the sum of the right and left cardiac outputs. The CCO was scaled using the cardiac index (CI), which is the ratio of the CCO divided by the estimated fetal weight 10 . Myocardial performance index (MPI) was measured in both ventricles 11 -14 .…”
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