Carcinoid Tumor of the Gall Bladder.

Nishigami, Takashi; Yamada, Masakazu; Nakasho, Keiji; Yamamura, Makoto; Satomi, Masamichi; Uematsu, Kazuyoshi; Ri, Gakuei; Mizuta, Toshimi; Fukumoto, Hirofumi

doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.35.953

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Nevertheless the mitotic index and the differentiation have not always been reported together in the description of GB-NENs cases. The majority of GB-NENs are diagnosed during histological examination at autopsy or after surgery for cholelithiasis or other suspected biliary pathology [5][6][7]. Considering the pathogenesis of GB-NENs, cholelithiasis and chronic gallbladder wall inflammation are associated with GB-NENs in virtually all published cycles of chemotherapy (Figs.…”

Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasm: a case report and critical evaluation of WHO classification

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms (GB-NENs) are rare. The majority of GB-NENs are poorly differentiated, with increased mitotic activity and clinically aggressive course. Surgery is the only curative approach and the optimal medical treatment is uncertain. In this report we describe the case of a woman affected by metastatic well differentiated GB-NEN with increased Ki 67. The patient underwent surgical removal of the gallbladder neoplasm and showed disease recurrence with pulmonary and liver metastases. After achieving a partial chemotherapy response, the patient rapidly died due to progressive disease. This case raises important issues. Well differentiated NENs with a high proliferative index are not included as a specific entity in any of the most widely used nomenclature systems. Moreover considering the proliferative index of the disease, it is reasonable to consider the patient a candidate for chemotherapy. Nevertheless, recently published papers raise the possibility that well differentiated NENs and specific proliferative index cutoff can predict low chemosensitivity in patients with highly proliferative neuroendocrine carcinoma.

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Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasm: a case report and critical evaluation of WHO classification

et al. 2014

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“…Endocrine cells have been identified in the mucosa of the gallbladder neck and may have been the origin of this neoplasm. 4 Biliary carcinoid tumors are rare neoplasms of the extrahepatic biliary tree including the gallbladder with approximately 30 cases reported in humans and none in domestic animals. 1 Although potentially malignant in humans, carcinoid tumors are usually slow growing with a 5-year survival rate of 94% if localized, 64% if regional metastasis is present, and 18% if distant metastasis has occurred at the time of diagnosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Carcinoid Tumor in the Gallbladder of a Dog

Morrell¹,

Volk²,

Mankowski³

2002

Vet Pathol

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Abstract.A cholecystectomy was performed on a 10-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog with chronic weight loss, persistently increased liver enzyme activities, and cholecystomegaly identified by ultrasonographic examination. A subsequent diagnosis of a biliary carcinoid was made based on a neuroendocrine-type histologic pattern, cytoplasmic argyrophilia by Grimelius staining, immunopositivity for chromogranin A, and the ultrastructural finding of cytoplasmic secretory granules in neoplastic cells. Extrahepatic biliary carcinoid tumors are rare tumors of humans and have not been documented in domestic animals.Key words: Dogs; gallbladder; biliary; carcinoid. In humans and animals, carcinoid tumors are uncommon neoplasms that arise from dispersed cells of the neuoroendocrine system in the gastrointestinal tract, biliary system, pancreas, and lung. These cells belong to one of two functional groups: 1) the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells that produce serotonin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone, or 2) those cells capable of synthesizing low molecular weight polypeptide or protein hormones such as chromogranin, cholecystokinin and secretin. Definitive diagnosis of carcinoid tumors is based on histologic features, immunostaining for secretory products such as chromogranin, and ultrastructural identification of neuroendocrine secretory granules. 2 In dogs, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary carcinoids have been reported. [5][6][7] Intestinal carcinoids have also been documented in a horse and a cow. 2 In horses, three cases of maxillary sinus carcinoid tumors have been reported as well. 8 In humans, carcinoid tumors are frequently found in the gastrointestinal system (74%) and the bronchopulmonary system (25%). Within the gastrointestinal tract, the most common sites include the small bowel (29%), appendix (19%), and rectum (13%). 3 In this case, a 10-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog initially presented for weight loss and persistent vomition. No abnormalities were noted on physical examination. Serum biochemistry abnormalities included increased liver enzyme activities, including aspartate aminotransferase (625 U/ L; reference range 10-60 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (2,225 U/L; reference range 8-57 U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (531 U/L; reference range (0-250 U/L), and alkaline phosphatase (4,460 U/L; reference range 10-140 U/L) as well as hyperbilirubinemia (Total bilirubin 5.6 mg/dL; reference range 0-0.6 mg/dL) consistent with hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. During the next 8 weeks, progres-

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“…Carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder was first reported by Joel in 1929 [3] and first reported in Japan by Funabashi et al [4] in 1978. Carcinoid tumors, previously a generic term for endocrine tumors, are classified into two categories, classical carcinoid tumors and endocrine cell carcinomas [4][5][6]. There remains confusion about the definition of carcinoid tumors, which has led to a poor understanding of these lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There remains confusion about the definition of carcinoid tumors, which has led to a poor understanding of these lesions. Some investigators have described neuroendocrine cell carcinomas of the gallbladder as carcinoid tumors even though they show a distinctively different histological form and natural history [5,6]. Modlin et al [7] pointed out that half of the previously reported cases of carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder should actually be classified as neuroendocrine carcinomas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder: report of two cases

Koizumi

Sata

Kasahara

et al. 2011

Clin J Gastroenterol

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We report two cases of carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder. Case 1 was a 59-year-old woman who presented with epigastric pain. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) revealed a 16 mm polypoid lesion in the neck of the gallbladder. Tumor markers were within normal limits. Open cholecystectomy was performed with a preoperative diagnosis of early cancer of the gallbladder. Case 2 was a 45-year-old man. A polyp in the gallbladder was incidentally detected on annual checkup. Ultrasound and CT showed an 18 mm protruding lesion in the neck of the gallbladder. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and the tumor diagnosed as a carcinoid tumor based on the findings of funicular and tubular cells in the lamina propria mucosa, homogeneous nuclei, basophilic cytoplasm, and positive staining with chromogranin A and synaptophysin. The postoperative course of both patients was uneventful, with no recurrence at 44 and 41 months after surgery. In this literature review of 39 cases, classical carcinoid of the gallbladder has a favorable postoperative outcome. Of cases reviewed, 60% are located in the neck of the gallbladder and 50% have a polypoid shape.

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Carcinoid Tumor of the Gall Bladder.

Cited by 37 publications

References 15 publications

Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasm: a case report and critical evaluation of WHO classification

Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasm: a case report and critical evaluation of WHO classification

A Carcinoid Tumor in the Gallbladder of a Dog

Carcinoid tumor of the gallbladder: report of two cases

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