Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene in the petrochemical industry using the US Environmental Protection Agency method

Moshiran, Vahid Ahmadi; Sajedian, Ali Asghar; Soltanzadeh, Ahmad; Seifi, Fatemeh; Koobasi, Rozhin; Nikbakht, Neda; Sadeghi-Yarandi, Mohsen

doi:10.1080/10803548.2022.2059171

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Concentrations of BD and ST determined in our studies were lower than the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) values recommended by the Environmental and Occupational Health Center of Iran (EOHCI). Occupational Exposure Limit Time-Weighted Average [OEL-TWA] was set to be 4.42 mg m −3 (2 ppm) for BD 6 and 86 mg m −3 (20 ppm) for ST 43 . The temperature of the glue injection boiler and dryer and the percent of styrene-butadiene copolymer entering the boiler impacted the concentration of BD and ST. For instance, in some process the proportion of monomers of 70% to 75% of butadiene versus 20% to 25% of ST are typically used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cancerogenic risk assessment (CR) was applied to determine the cancer risk due to BD and ST exposure. Based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), BD is designated as a group 1 human carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans) and ST is listed as a group 2A human carcinogen (probably carcinogenic to humans) 43 . The mean ± SD values of estimated cancer risk in inhalation exposure to BD and ST were 5.13 × 10 –3 ± 3.85 × 10 –4 (5.13 additional cases of cancer per 1,000 workers exposed) and 1.44 × 10 –3 ± 2.36 × 10 –4 (1.44 additional cases of cancer per 1,000 workers exposed), respectively (Table 3 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The health risk of ST exposure in respiratory zone of workers in an electronics industry assessed by Mohammadyan et al 45 revealed the average CR value equal to 1.4 × 10 −3 , which was higher than the acceptable carcinogenic risk level. Also, carcinogenic risk values in the inhalation exposure of ST exceeding the acceptable level were reported in the other industries: motor and motorcycle, repair services, ship and boat building, basic chemical and plastic products manufacturing 15 , petrochemical industry 43 , and urban environment 46 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sadeghi-Yarandi et al, reported high HQ value for BD exposure in a petrochemical plant 6 . Furthermore, studies on BD and ST industrial exposure in microenvironments like residential homes, in-office, in-vehicle 9 , motor and motorcycle, repair services, ship and boat building, basic chemical and plastic products manufacturing 15 , and petrochemical industry 43 , reported existing risk, thus application of engineering control methods to decrease occupational exposure to BD and ST seems to be necessary.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…( 3 ): where EC is the exposure concentration, RfC reference concentration. The target non-carcinogenic risk value was set to be equal to 1, meaning that HQ values ≥ 1 indicate nonacceptable risk levels 43 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Probabilistic human health risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene and styrene exposure using Monte Carlo simulation technique in the carpet production industry

Khoshakhlagh

Gruszecka‐Kosowska

Adeniji

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Chemicals containing Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are commonly used in the machine carpet production. 1,3-butadiene and styrene are main components of the carpenter’s glue used in carpet factories. Exposition to these chemicals can lead to a number of adverse health effects. This is the first study of the human health risk assessment due to inhalational exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD) and styrene (ST) performed among workers in the carpet factories in Kashan city, Iran. The importance of the study was related with the fact of high popularity of carpet production in the South Asia countries. Inhalation exposure to BD and ST were measured based on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1024 and 1501 methods, respectively. The cancerogenic risk (CR) and non-cancerogenic risk described as Hazard Quotient (HQ) values were calculated based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis were performed by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. The average concentration measured of BD and ST during work shifts of employees were 0.039 mg m−3 (0.017 ppm) and 12.108 mg m−3 (2.84 ppm), respectively. The mean ± SD value of estimated cancerogenic risk in inhalation exposure to BD and ST were equal to 5.13 × 10–3 ± 3.85 × 10–4 and 1.44 × 10–3 ± 2.36 × 10–4, respectively exceeding the acceptable risk level of 10–6 defined by USEPA. The average non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values of BD and ST were equal to 8.50 × 100 and 5.13 × 100, respectively exceeding the acceptable risk level of 1. As the results of our studies exceeded both cancerogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values it indicates that adverse health effects due to inhalational exposure to BD and ST for workers in the machine carpet industry are very likely. To avoid negative health effects protective measures for employees in the factories should be introduced immediately and furher detailed research are recommended.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Probabilistic human health risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene and styrene exposure using Monte Carlo simulation technique in the carpet production industry

Khoshakhlagh

Gruszecka‐Kosowska

Adeniji

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Dynamic Headspace GC–MS Method to Detect Volatile Extractables from Medical Device Materials

Wijeweera Patabandige,

Hill,

Herath

et al. 2024

Biomedical Materials & Devices

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Relationship between styrene exposure and prolactin secretion in human and animal studies: A systematic review

et al. 2022

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Styrene is widely used in industrial applications. Inhalation exposure occurs in the industry. Some studies indicated that serum prolactin concentrations increased after exposure to styrene, while other studies found no change. In this systematic review, the search was done with the keywords styrene and prolactin in the PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Scopus databases, regardless of the publication period. 118 studies were obtained and only seven articles were finally selected according to exclusion and inclusion criteria. The effect of styrene on prolactin secretion was selected in both human and animal studies. The increased response was seen in inhalation exposures. Subcutaneous exposure has no significant effect on prolactin levels. The observed responses were both dose-dependent and gender-dependent. Changes in serum prolactin were more frequent in women compared to exposed men. Dopamine depletion was not observed in all studies, so more tests on laboratory animals are necessary to clarify the possible mechanism.

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Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene in the petrochemical industry using the US Environmental Protection Agency method

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Probabilistic human health risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene and styrene exposure using Monte Carlo simulation technique in the carpet production industry

Probabilistic human health risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene and styrene exposure using Monte Carlo simulation technique in the carpet production industry

Dynamic Headspace GC–MS Method to Detect Volatile Extractables from Medical Device Materials

Relationship between styrene exposure and prolactin secretion in human and animal studies: A systematic review

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