Carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects of cigarette smoke and risk of breast cancer

Band, Pierre R.; Le, Nhu D.; Fang, Raymond; Deschamps, Michel

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11140-8

Cited by 175 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…On the other hand, in postmenopausal women, the risk of breast cancer among smokers has been reported not to be elevated. 36 These previous observations are consistent with our observations regarding both active and passive smoking. Race is also an important factor in the interpretation of our results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,36 In a recent study, the risk of breast cancer among smokers has been clearly reported to be elevated in premenopausal women. 36 Immature breast cells are suggested to have especially increased susceptibility to smoking-related carcinogens. 6 In our study, 94% of subjects had delivered children, but the effect of smoking in strata defined by age of full-term birth could not be examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active and passive smoking and breast cancer risk in middle‐aged Japanese women

Hanaoka

Yamamoto²,

Sobue³

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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To examine the hypothesis that tobacco smoke is associated with the risk of female breast cancer, we estimated the relative risks of active and passive smoke in middle-aged Japanese women in a population-based prospective study. The cohort consisted of residents in 4 public health center areas, aged 40 to 59 years. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted in 1990. This analysis included 21,805 subjects, 180 of whom had developed breast cancer by December 31, 1999. When the reference was defined as never-active smokers without passive smoking, adjusted relative risks (RRs) were 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] ‫؍‬ 1.0 -3.6) in current active smokers, 1.2 (95% CI ‫؍‬ 0.4 -4.0) in ex-active smokers and 1.2 (95% CI ‫؍‬ 0.8 -1.6) in never-active smokers with passive smoking. The elevated risk for ever-smokers was clearly observed in premenopausal women at baseline (RR ‫؍‬ 3.9, 95% CI ‫؍‬ 1.5-9.9) but not in postmenopausal women (RR ‫؍‬ 1.1, 95% CI ‫؍‬ 0.5-2.5). In never-active smokers, the adjusted RR for passive smoking, residential or occupational/public tobacco smoke exposure was 1.1 (95% CI ‫؍‬ 0.8 -1.6). In premenopausal women, passive smoking increased the risk (RR ‫؍‬ 2.6; 95% CI ‫؍‬ 1.3-5.2) but not in postmenopausal women (RR ‫؍‬ 0.7; 95% CI ‫؍‬ 0.4 -1.0). We conclude that tobacco smoking increases the risk of female breast cancer in premenopausal women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Active and passive smoking and breast cancer risk in middle‐aged Japanese women

Hanaoka

Yamamoto²,

Sobue³

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…This would explain the inverse relationship between smoking in early adulthood and breast density we and others [27,28] have observed. Our results suggest that starting smoking at a young age may influence breast density in later life to a greater degree than starting smoking at an older age, which is consistent with some [29] but not all [30] studies which have looked at associations between smoking at a young age and breast cancer risk.…”

Section: Main Findings and Interpretationsupporting

confidence: 91%

Life course breast cancer risk factors and adult breast density (United Kingdom)

Jeffreys

Warren

Gunnell

et al. 2004

Cancer Causes Control

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Objective: To determine whether risk factors in childhood and early adulthood affect later mammographic breast density. Methods: Subjects were 628 women who attended a medical examination at the University of Glasgow Student Health Service , responded to a questionnaire (2001) and had a screening mammogram in Scotland (1989Scotland ( -2002. Mammograms (median age of 59 years) were classified using a six category classification (SCC) of breast density percent. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between risk factors and having a high-risk mammogram ( 25% dense). Results: In multi-variable analyses, high-risk mammograms were associated with parity (adjusted odds ratio (OR) per child: 0.77 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.99)), age at first birth, OR per year: 1.05 (0.99-1.11), smoking at university, OR smokers versus non-smokers: 0.58 (0.36-0.92) and body mass index (BMI) while at university, OR per 1 kg/m 2 0.75 (0.69-0.82). No associations with SCC were found for age at menarche, birth weight, oral contraceptive (OC) use, height, leg length or exercise at age 20. Conclusions: We confirm previous findings that breast density is affected by reproductive events and some anthropometric measures, however most of the risk factors acting throughout the life course which we examined were not closely related to adult breast density.

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“…Several recent studies of breast cancer risk suggest that a positive association with smoking may emerge 30 -40 years after commencement (Terry and Rohan, 2002), particularly among chronic heavy smokers. There is also evidence to suggest that smoking prior to a first full-term pregnancy may be an important exposure (Russo et al, 1982;Band et al, 2002;Terry and Rohan, 2002). In addition, an increasing number of studies suggest that a possitive association between smoking and breast cancer risk may be stronger among (or limited to) women with certain genotypes (Terry and Rohan, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%