Carboxymethyl cellulose–alginate interpenetrating hydroxy ethyl methacrylate crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol reinforced hybrid hydrogel templates with improved biological performance for cardiac tissue engineering

Abstract

Cardiac tissue engineering is an emerging approach for cardiac regeneration utilizing the inherent healing responses elicited by the surviving heart using biomaterial templates. In this study, we aimed to develop hydrogel scaffolds for cardiac tissue regeneration following myocardial infarction (MI). Two superabsorbent hydrogels, CAHA2A and CAHA2AP, were developed employing interpenetration chemistry. CAHA2A was constituted with alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose, (hydroxyethyl) methacrylate, and acrylic acid, where CAHA2AP was prepared by interpenetrated CAHA2A with polyvinyl alcohol. Both hydrogels displayed superior physiochemical characteristics, as determined by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy spectral analysis, differential scanning calorimetry measurements, tensile testing, contact angle, water profiling, dye release, and conductivity. In vitro degradation of the hydrogels displayed acceptable weight composure and pH changes. Both hydrogels were hemocompatible, and biocompatible as evidenced by direct contact and MTT assays. The hydrogels promoted anterograde and retrograde migration as determined by the z‐stack analysis using H9c2 cells grown with both gels. Additionally, the coculture of the hydrogels with swine epicardial adipose tissue cells and cardiac fibroblasts resulted in synchronous growth without any toxicity. Also, both hydrogels facilitated the production of extracellular matrix by the H9c2 cells. Overall, the findings support an appreciable in vitro performance of both hydrogels for cardiac tissue engineering applications.

Chitosan–Polyethylene Glycol Inspired Polyelectrolyte Complex Hydrogel Templates Favoring NEO-Tissue Formation for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

“…The surface functional groups of lyophilized CP, GCP, HACP, and CoCP hydrogels (n = 5, freeze-dried discs) were determined by AT-IR spectral analysis using the IR spectrometer (NICOLET iS50, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Jacksonville, FL, USA). The significant peaks were examined, and the area under the curves was calculated using SPA software associated with the instrument and compared among the groups [56].…”

“…The concentration of released dyes was calculated from the absorption values measured using a plate reader. A standard curve was plotted, and the percentage release of the dyes was determined from our already established protocols [56].…”

Transforming Sand into Arable Substrate Using Biobased Microgels to Improve Land Productivity

“…The swelling capacity of CLAMs can further be enhanced by minimizing the degree of cross-linking and through the addition of polyelectrolytes to form a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). Specifically, the addition of CMC into alginate blends has been reported to yield semi-IPNs with enhanced mechanical and swelling properties. − The Ca 2+ -alginate cross-link plays a crucial role in stabilizing the semi-IPN, while the free −COOH group from CMC promotes water uptake . Hence, the production of highly swellable microgels based on Ca 2+ -cross-linked CMC/alginate semi-IPN using spray drying merits exploration.…”

Structure–property relationships of epoxy functionalized enoate ester-based tailored hybrid gels doped with different polysaccharides

“…15 To improve the mechanical strength and to achieve greater biological performance for cardiac tissue engineering applications owing to their swelling kinetics, elasticity, and biocompatibility, carboxymethyl cellulose–alginate interpenetrating HEMA-based hybrid templates were designed as hydrogel-based tissue-engineered implants. 16 Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), an anionic water-soluble biopolymer, is used to improve the mechanical strength and to achieve greater functionality of self-healing hydrogels cost-effectively. CMC which is composed of several to thousands of units of glucose linked together through a β(1–4) glycosidic bond (Scheme 1) stands as one of the most important polysaccharides because of its interesting physicochemical properties such as being a thickening agent to control the viscosity of medium and its ability to form colloidal solutions.…”