Carbothermal Production of Magnesium: Csiro’s Magsonic™ Process

Prentice, Leon H.; Nagle, Michael W.; Barton, T.; Tassios, Steven; Kuan, Benny; Witt, Peter J.; Constanti-Carey, Keri K.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48203-3_6

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Another approach to overcome the issue of reversion by rapid gas cooling involves supersonic quenching where the carbothermal reaction gas products are accelerated to several times the speed of sound (typically Ma ≈ 4–5). Work at CSIRO, Australia, has successfully demonstrated high rates of magnesium vapor cooling above 10 °C/s by expansion through a Laval nozzle …”

Section: Quenching/condensation Of the Magnesium Vapors From The Prod...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Work at CSIRO, Australia, has successfully demonstrated high rates of magnesium vapor cooling above 10 6 °C/s by expansion through a Laval nozzle. 26 Yang et al 27 explored the carbothermic reduction of magnesia and calcined dolomite under vacuum conditions (average 60 Pa = ∼0.6 mbar, 1350 °C). They developed a multistage temperature gradient condenser and reported reaching 92% Mg purity in one of the stages.…”

Section: Quenching/condensation Of the Magnesium Vapors From The Prod...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solar Carbothermic Reduction of Dolomite: Direct Method for Production of Magnesium and Calcium

Najafabadi

Özalp

Epstein

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Solar carbothermic reduction offers a promising approach for the clean production of several metals from their oxides with significantly lower CO2 emission compared to common pyrometallurgical processes. This process can be used for clean production of magnesium and calcium from dolomite (MgCO3·CaCO3) mineral as the raw material. The carbothermic approach consists of two separate steps: calcination of dolomite to dolime (MgO·CaO) followed by carbothermic reduction (preferably under vacuum) of the dolime to magnesium and calcium. In the present study, the possibility of combining these two steps into a single process step was thermogravimetrically investigated. The direct carbothermic reduction of dolomite not only reduces the process complexities but also decreases the energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Thermogravimetric results indicate that the conversion yield of carbothermic reduction of dolomite is slightly lower than that of the dolime due to the consumption of a portion of the available carbon reacting with CO2 that is released during the calcination of dolomite. Therefore, surplus carbon should be used in the single-step conversion process. The product gases, after the magnesium is condensed, contain mostly CO which can be directly combusted or converted to hydrogen by the water–gas shift reaction. The results also show that CaO is reduced only after a complete reduction of MgO in dolomite occurs, which is quite similar to the results obtained from the carbothermic reduction of dolime. The effect of three carbon sources, including carbon black (CB), activated carbon (AC), and wood charcoal (CC), on the performance of the carbothermic reduction process was studied. AC had a lower conversion yield compared to the CB. CC achieved the highest conversion yield with better kinetics. This can be explained by CC’s porous structure that provides a better surface contact of dolomite powder with carbon. Considering the lower adverse environmental impacts and lower cost of CC in comparison to the other carbon sources studied, it can be considered as the best option for use in the solar carbothermic reduction of dolomite on a future commercial scale.

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Section: Quenching/condensation Of the Magnesium Vapors From The Prod...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quenching/condensation Of the Magnesium Vapors From The Prod...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Carbothermic Reduction of Dolomite: Direct Method for Production of Magnesium and Calcium

Najafabadi

Özalp

Epstein

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Nevertheless, the reversible reaction seriously affected the yield of magnesium, which made it difficult to realize industrial production by the carbothermal method [ 22 ]. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization has succeeded in using a Laval nozzle to coagulate supersonic magnesium vapor in the lab, which could inhibit the reaction between magnesium vapor and carbon monoxide [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Fu et al [ 26 , 27 ] proposed a novel short process for magnesium production by silicothermic reduction of prepared dolomite pellets, in which calcination and reduction were performed in one retort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Efficient Reduction Route for Magnesium Production Using Silicothermic Process

et al. 2022

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A novel efficient reduction route was developed for preparing porous pellets to enhance mass transfer during magnesium production, which can improve the reactivity of pellet reaction to improve the reduction efficiency. A porous pellet precursor was prepared at 150 MPa using NH4HCO3 as a pore-forming agent, and the reaction characteristics of the pellets with 0, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% pore-forming agents were measured under a high vacuum of approximately 10 Pa heat-treated from 100 °C to 1400 °C. The results showed that the instantaneous maximum reduction rate first increased and then decreased with the increase in pore-forming agents. When the reduction conversion was 80%, the reduction efficiency of pellets with 5% pore-forming agent was 36% greater than that without pore-forming agent pellets. When the reduction conversion was 90%, the reduction efficiency of pellets with 5% pore-forming agent was 29% greater than that without pore-forming agent pellets. The results indicate that the diffusion rate of magnesium vapor in pellets is significantly increased; the time of chemical reaction reaching equilibrium is shortened; the chemical reaction rate and the magnesium production efficiency are increased by adding a proper ratio of NH4HCO3 compared to that obtained without NH4HCO3 at the identical reduction temperature.

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