Abstract-We consider the problem of state estimation of a discrete time process over a packet-dropping network. Previous work on Kalman filtering with intermittent observations is concerned with the asymptotic behavior of [ ], i.e., the expected value of the error covariance, for a given packet arrival rate. We consider a different performance metric, Pr[ ], i.e., the probability that is bounded by a given . We consider two scenarios in the paper. In the first scenario, when the sensor sends its measurement data to the remote estimator via a packet-dropping network, we derive lower and upper bounds on Pr[ ]. In the second scenario, when the sensor preprocesses the measurement data and sends its local state estimate to the estimator, we show that the previously derived lower and upper bounds are equal to each other, hence we are able to provide a closed form expression for Pr[ ]. We also recover the results in the literature when using Pr[ ] as a metric for scalar systems. Examples are provided to illustrate the theory developed in the paper.Index Terms-Kalman filtering, packet-dropping network, random process, state estimation.

BackgroundPeppermint oil (PO) has shown promise as an IBS therapy, but previous trials have demonstrated variable efficacy and tolerability results.AimsTo evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a novel formulation of PO designed for sustained release in the small intestine in patients with IBS-M and IBS-D.MethodsThis is a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of PO or identical placebo 3 times daily in patients fulfilling Rome III criteria for IBS-M or IBS-D. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in the Total IBS Symptom Score (TISS) after 4 weeks of treatment.ResultsSeventy-two patients (mean age 40.7 years, 75 % female, 77.8 % white) were randomized to PO (n = 35) or placebo (n = 37). At 4 weeks, PO was associated with a 40 % reduction in the TISS from baseline (mean change −1.16, SD ± 0.807), superior to the 24.3 % decrease (mean change −0.70, SD ± 0.737) observed with placebo (P = 0.0246). The decrease in the TISS of 19.6 % (mean change −0.55, SD ± 0.613) in the PO group at 24 h was also significantly larger than placebo (−10.3 %, mean change −0.27, SD ± 0.342) (P = 0.0092). At trial completion, patients in the PO group experienced greater improvement in multiple individual gastrointestinal symptoms as well as in severe or unbearable symptoms, compared to placebo. PO was well tolerated with few adverse events.ConclusionsA novel PO formulation designed for sustained release in the small intestine is a safe, effective treatment capable of providing rapid relief of IBS symptoms.

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When administered as a day-before dose, the bowel cleansing effects of P/MC were non-inferior compared with 2L PEG-3350 and bisacodyl tablets using the clinician-rated Aronchick and Ottawa scales. Treatment acceptability was significantly more favorable in patients receiving P/MC than in patients receiving 2L PEG-3350 and bisacodyl tablets.

This paper describes an experimental study of the phenomenon of buoyancy-driven exchange (countercurrent) flow through openings in a horizontal partition. A density-driven exchange flow was obtained by using brine above the partition and fresh water below the partition. In the first part of the study, flow measurements were made with a single opening, for opening ratios L/D in the range 0.01 to 10.0, where L and D are the length of the opening (in the direction normal to the partition) and the diameter of the opening, respectively. Four different flow regimes are identified as L/D is increased through this range. As a result of the competition between two of these regimes, the exchange flow rate versus L/D relation exhibits a peak. The exchange flow rate was found, for all practical purposes, to be independent of viscosity, enabling a universal correlation between Froude number (dimensionless exchange flow rate) and L/D. The second part of the study was an experimental investigation of the same phenomenon, but with two openings in the horizontal partition. Two openings were observed to give rise to three different flow configurations involving both one-way and countercurrent flows within the openings.

With evening/morning split dosing, NER1006 was as effective as trisulfate for overall bowel and right-sided colon cleansing. Adverse event rates were slightly higher with NER1006 than trisulfate, but did not compromise tolerability, adherence, or efficacy. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02254486.).

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