Carbonylation

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Catalysts 2.1. Nickel Catalysts 2.2. Cobalt Catalysts 2.3. Palladium Catalysts 2.4. Rhodium and Iridium Catalysts 3. Carbonylation of Alkynes 3.1. Acrylic Acid from Acetylene 3.2. Other Carbonylation Reactions of Alkynes 4. Carbonylation of Alkenes 4.1. Monoalkenes 4.2. Substituted Alkenes 4.3. Polyenes 5. Carbonylation of Alcohols and Ethers 5.1. BASF Acetic Acid Process 5.2. Monsanto Acetic Acid Process 5.3. Carbonylation of Other Alcohols and Ethers 6. Carbonylation of Organic Halides 6.1. Aryl Halides 6.2. Alkyl Halides 6.3. Allyl Halides and Vinyl Halides 7. Other Carbonylation Reactions 7.1. Amines 7.2. Aromatic Nitro Compounds 7.3. Esters 7.4. Lactones and Aldehydes 7.5. Amidocarbonylation of Aldehydes

Frontiers, Opportunities, and Challenges in Biochemical and Chemical Catalysis of CO2 Fixation

“…141 Hydrocarboxylations are exceptions where nickel remains a popular metal for certain applications. 144 …”

Acetylene in Organic Synthesis: Recent Progress and New Uses

“…Acrylic acid (AA) and its derivatives are important components of plastics, rubbers, superabsorbent polymers, and paints. In industry, AA is prepared by partial oxidation of propene [ 95 ], which is refined from petroleum. Carbonylation of acetylene, introduced by Reppe [ 96 ], represents an alternative route to AA, which is better in terms of atom economy and independence from oil sources ( Scheme 23 ).…”

Mechanism and Stereoselectivity of the Elementometalation Process of Activated Alkyne RCCR(RCO2Me) by Cp2TaH3

“…The olefin insertion into a MH bond is a key step in the catalytic cycles proposed for olefin functionalization reactions and leads to the formation of alkyl metal intermediates . The acetylene insertion into the MH bond also plays an important role in a number of catalytic processes, such as hydrogenation or polymerization reaction, which receives considerable attention due to its utility in organic syntheses . However, the addition of 1 equiv of alkynes into several polyhydride complexes leads to the displacement of H 2 from the metal center, rather than the insertion into the MH bond, unless the alkenes or alkynes contain strong electron‐withdrawing groups, such as CO 2 Me, CO 2 t Bu, CO 2 TMS, and so on .…”