Carbonate chemistry of an in-situ free-ocean CO2 enrichment experiment (antFOCE) in comparison to short term variation in Antarctic coastal waters

Stark, Jonathan S.; Roden, Nicholas; Johnstone, Glenn; Milnes, Mark; Black, James; Whiteside, Steven E.; Kirkwood, William; Newbery, Kym; Stark, Scott C.; Ooijen, E. D. van; Tilbrook, Bronte; Peltzer, Edward T.; Berry, Kate M.; Roberts, D

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21029-1

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…Differences in single‐species versus natural communities are demonstrated by the observed increase in sensitivity of phytoplankton communities to ocean acidification compared to monospecific studies described here. This highlights the need for community‐ and ecosystem‐level studies to better predict the effects of ocean acidification on the nearshore Antarctic and Southern Ocean ecosystem, such as the recent antFOCE experiment (Stark et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, estimates of the effect of elevated CO 2 in this meta‐analysis are highly variable, with most studies examining differing organisms and biological responses at different locations to all other studies. Outside of microbial studies, no studies have been conducted on natural communities or entire ecosystems (although see Stark et al, 2018), which could have quite different responses and sensitivities to monospecific studies. Better predictions of the future state of the Southern Ocean and nearshore Antarctic ecosystems require more studies that incorporate entire communities over timescales that allow organisms to acclimate and potentially adapt, to a range of CO 2 and multistressor scenarios.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A meta‐analysis

Hancock

King

Stark

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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Southern Ocean waters are among the most vulnerable to ocean acidification. The projected increase in the CO 2 level will cause changes in carbonate chemistry that are likely to be damaging to organisms inhabiting these waters. A meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the vulnerability of Antarctic marine biota occupying waters south of 60°S to ocean acidification. This meta-analysis showed that ocean acidification negatively affects autotrophic organisms, mainly phytoplankton, at CO 2 levels above 1,000 μatm and invertebrates above 1,500 μatm, but positively affects bacterial abundance. The sensitivity of phytoplankton to ocean acidification was influenced by the experimental procedure used. Natural, mixed communities were more sensitive than single species in culture and showed a decline in chlorophyll a concentration, productivity, and photosynthetic health, as well as a shift in community composition at CO 2 levels above 1,000 μatm. Invertebrates showed reduced fertilization rates and increased occurrence of larval abnormalities, as well as decreased calcification rates and increased shell dissolution with any increase in CO 2 level above 1,500 μatm. Assessment of the vulnerability of fish and macroalgae to ocean acidification was limited by the number of studies available. Overall, this analysis indicates that many marine organisms in the Southern Ocean are likely to be susceptible to ocean acidification and thereby likely to change their contribution to ecosystem services in the future. Further studies are required to address the poor spatial coverage, lack of community or ecosystem-level studies, and the largely unknown potential for organisms to acclimate and/or adapt to the changing conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A meta‐analysis

Hancock

King

Stark

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Though our goal was to conduct the experiment for one year, or a full reproductive cycle, we were unable to maintain the corals for more than 200 days. We recommend that future experiments with red tree corals be limited to 200 days to avoid the deleterious physiological effects of residing in the laboratory or alternatively that in situ free-ocean CO 2 enrichment experiments be used [48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of in-vitro pH decrease on the gametogenesis of the red tree coral, Primnoa pacifica

Rossin¹,

Waller

Stone

2019

PLoS ONE

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Primnoa pacifica is the most ecologically important coral species in the North Pacific Ocean and provides important habitat for commercially important fish and invertebrates. Ocean acidification (OA) is more rapidly increasing in high-latitude seas because anthropogenic CO 2 uptake is greater in these regions. This is due to the solubility of CO 2 in cold water and the reduced buffering capacity and low alkalinity of colder waters. Primnoa pacifica colonies were cultured for six to nine months in either pH 7.55 (predicted Year 2100 pH levels) or pH 7.75 (Control). Oocyte development and fecundity in females, and spermatocyst stages in males were measured to assess the effects of pH on gametogenesis. Oocyte diameters were 13.6% smaller and fecundities were 30.9% lower in the Year 2100 samples. A higher proportion of vitellogenic oocytes (65%) were also reabsorbed (oosorption) in the Year 2100 treatment. Lower pH appeared to advance the process of spermatogenesis with a higher percentage of later stage sperm compared to Control. There was a laboratory effect observed in all measurement types, however this only significantly affected the analyses of spermatogenesis. Based on the negative effect of acidification on oogenesis and increased rate of oosorption, successful spawning could be unlikely in an acidified ocean. If female gametes were spawned, they are likely to be insufficiently equipped to develop normally, based on the decreased overall size and therefore subsequent limited amount of lipids necessary for successful larval development.

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“…Though our goal was to conduct the experiment for one year, or a full reproductive cycle, we were unable to maintain the corals for more than 200 days. We recommend that future experiments with red tree corals be limited to 200 days to avoid the deleterious physiological effects of residing in the laboratory or alternatively that in situ freeocean CO 2 enrichment experiments be used [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of in-vitro pH decrease on the gametogenesis of the red tree coral, Primnoa pacifica

Rossin

Waller

Stone

2018

Preprint

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Primnoa pacifica is the most ecologically important coral species in the North Pacific Ocean where it provides important habitat for commercially important fish and invertebrates. Ocean acidification (OA) is more rapidly increasing in high-latitude seas because anthropogenic CO2 uptake is greater in these regions. This is due to the solubility of CO2 in cold water and the reduced buffering capacity due to low alkalinity of colder waters. Primnoa pacifica colonies were cultured for six to nine months in either pH 7.55 (predicted 2100 pH levels) or pH 7.75 (control). Oocyte development and fecundity in females, and spermatocyst stages in males were measured to assess the effects of pH on gametogenesis. Oocyte diameters were 13.6% smaller and fecundities were 30.9% lower in the Year 2100 samples, indicating that OA may limit oocyte formation, potentially through lipid limitation. A higher proportion of vitellogenic oocytes (65%) were also reabsorbed (oosorption) in the Year 2100 treatment. Lowered pH appeared to advance the process of spermatogenesis with a higher percentage of later stage sperm compared to control controls. There was a laboratory effect observed in all measurement types, however these only significantly affected the analyses of spermatogenesis. These results indicate that reproduction may not be possible in an acidified ocean, or that if spawning could occur, spawned oocytes would not be sufficiently equipped to support the normal development of larvae.

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Carbonate chemistry of an in-situ free-ocean CO2 enrichment experiment (antFOCE) in comparison to short term variation in Antarctic coastal waters

Cited by 17 publications

References 67 publications

Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A meta‐analysis

Effects of ocean acidification on Antarctic marine organisms: A meta‐analysis

The effects of in-vitro pH decrease on the gametogenesis of the red tree coral, Primnoa pacifica

The effects of in-vitro pH decrease on the gametogenesis of the red tree coral, Primnoa pacifica

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