Carbonaceous Anode Materials for Non-aqueous Sodium- and Potassium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors

Abstract

Sodium- and potassium-ion (Na-/K-ion) hybrid capacitors are promising electrochemical energy storage systems that are more cost-effective than corresponding lithium-based alternatives. Their hybrid configuration integrates a battery-type anode and a capacitor-type cathode and affords high energy density, high power density, and good cycling stability. However, the primary issue encountered in Na-/K-ion hybrid capacitors is a lack of reliable anodes because of the sluggish reaction kinetics of large Na-/K-ions. In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in carbonaceous anodes because of their high Na-/K-ion storage feasibility, natural abundance, low cost, and non-toxicity. This review encompasses the fundamental electrochemical principles of Na-/K-ion hybrid capacitors and provides insights into the intimate structure–performance relationship of carbonaceous anodes. The existing challenges and alternative strategies for improving the electrochemical performance of the carbonaceous anodes are emphasized. Finally, future prospects and possible directions for further improving carbonaceous anodes for Na-/K-ion hybrid capacitors are presented.

Natural Porous Carbon Derived from Popped Rice as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…The reaction mechanisms of the activation processes by FeCl 3 were described in Equations ( 13)- (18) [31,44]. When temperatures increased, FeCl 3 decomposed to create iron oxyhydroxides (FeOOH), and then FeOOH decomposed to form Fe 2 O 3 .…”

“…Moreover, porous carbons can obtain a higher capacity than graphitized carbon due to expanded interlayer distances and shortened ion transportation pathways [7]. Apart from battery applications, the carbonaceous-and porous-based materials have also been utilized in several applications, such as electrocatalysts and capacitors [17][18][19]. Commonly, the techniques of synthesized amorphous carbon are directly pyrolysis or hydrothermal treatment, which use lower temperatures than the techniques of synthesized graphite.…”

Continuously Reinforced Carbon Nanotube Film Sea-Cucumber-like Polyaniline Nanocomposites for Flexible Self-Supporting Energy-Storage Electrode Materials

“…The D band at 1338 cm −1 indicated the existence of the sp 3 hybridization of the carbon atoms, attributed to the amorphous carbon and the defects of the CNTs. The G band at 1571 cm −1 was related to the in-plane bond stretching motion of the C sp 2 atom pair, reflecting the regular graphitization degree in the CNTF [ 49 , 50 ]. The peak at 2677 cm −1 was assigned to the G’ band that originated from the 2D peak of a small amount of graphene in the CNTF [ 51 , 52 ].…”

“…In the three-electrode system, the PANI/CNTF nanocomposite electrodes (10 × 5 mm) were used as the working electrodes, without any additional current collector, and the platinum foil and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) were used as the counter electrode and the reference electrode, respectively, in the electrolyte of the 1.0-M sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The CV curves were recorded with a CV test potential window from −0.2 to 0.8 V, under different scanning speeds (5,10,20,50, and 100 mV/s). The GCD curves were recorded with a GCD test potential window of 0 to 0.6 V, under different current densities (1, 2, 5, and 10 A/g).…”

The LiTFSI/COFs Fiber as Separator Coating with Bifunction of Inhibition of Lithium Dendrite and Shuttle Effect for Li-SeS2 Battery

“…With the rapid development of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, it has been difficult to meet their needs with traditional lithium-ion batteries; developing a new-generation energy storage system with high energy density is therefore crucial [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Due to the high theoretical specific capacity and low electrode potential of lithium metal anode, lithium metal batteries are regarded as the next generation of highly specific energy secondary batteries, such as lithium-air batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-selenium disulfide (Li-SeS 2 ) batteries, etc.…”