Carbon-supported ruthenium catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia. The effect of the carbon support and barium promoter on the performance

Kowalczyk, Z.; Jodzis, S.; Raróg, Wioletta; Zieliński, Jerzy; Pielaszek, J.; Presz, A.

doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00090-3

Cited by 123 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Indeed, the total atomic percentage of the three promoters was about 5 times that of Ru and no oxygen chemisorption was detected on the promoters supported in the absence of Ru. Something similar was found by Kowalczyk and coworkers [8] with Ba-promoted Ru/C catalysts. Then it can be concluded that, in spite of their large amount, the three promoters do not prevent the access of the gas phase to Ru particles.…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

“…In the main patents and applicative papers, a high Ru content (9 wt%) has been usually reported. Furthermore, a structure sensitivity of ammonia synthesis on Ru-based catalysts was hypothesised by Tennison [6] and supported by the reported dependence of the turn-over frequency (TOF) on metal particle size [7,8]. However, the evaluation of exposed surface metal atoms, on which the calculation of TOF is based, and of metal particle size, both of them obtained by chemisorption methods, on the basis of assumed values for the average chemisorption stoichiometry, is open to many doubts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…More recently [15] a hardly reliable double isotherm method at -78°C was used, without any determination of chemisorption stoichiometry. A pulse oxygen chemisorption method at 0°C has been used by Kowalczyk et al [8], but no detailed study has been reported to prove its validity. However, the use of hydrogen was strongly discouraged.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of Ru/C catalysts for ammonia synthesis by oxygen chemisorption

Rossetti

Pernicone

Forni

2003

Applied Catalysis A: General

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A standard chemisorption procedure has been set up for the determination of Ru dispersion in Ru/C catalysts. Pulse chemisorption of oxygen was carried out at 0°C, after having proved that no corrosive chemisorption phenomena are present. An average chemisorption stoichiometry Ru*/O = 1.0 was experimentally determined through measurements on Ru black. The procedure was applied to the investigation of promoted and unpromoted Ru/C catalysts for ammonia synthesis, supported on two different carbon supports. The main factor influencing Ru dispersion showed to be Ru loading, while the addition of even large amounts of Ba-Cs-K promoters has practically no influence. It is also briefly discussed how such results can help in elucidating several aspects of the behaviour of Ru/C as catalyst for ammonia synthesis.

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supporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Characterisation of Ru/C catalysts for ammonia synthesis by oxygen chemisorption

Rossetti

Pernicone

Forni

2003

Applied Catalysis A: General

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“…Therefore, the complete removal of electron-acceptors on activated carbon is an important factor for the catalytic activity of the catalyst. This is one reason for the pretreatment of activated carbon at high temperatures [4,6,7,9].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, a more stable support is required, and this has led to a search for an alternative to active carbon. Recently, a number of studies have shown that graphitzed activated carbon, MgO and BN supported Ru have high catalytic activities and long-term stability for ammonia synthesis [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia synthesis on graphitic-nanofilament supported Ru catalysts

Liang

Feng

et al. 2004

Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical

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Promoters and Poisons

Koel

Kim

2008

Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis

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The sections in this article are Introduction Modifiers in Catalysis Structural Modifiers Bonding Modifiers Promoters and Poisons for Some Important Catalytic Reactions Steam Reforming A Reactive Sites on Ni Catalysts B Alkali and Alkaline Earth Promoters for Ni Catalysts C Sulfur Poisoning of Ni Catalysts Water‐Gas Shift Reaction A Iron‐Based Catalysts: High‐Temperature Shift Catalysts a Structural Modifiers in Iron‐Based Catalysts b Metal and Metal Oxides as Promoters for Catalytic Activity B Copper‐Based Catalysts: Low‐Temperature Shift Catalysts a Structural Modifiers b Cesium Modifiers c Sulfur Poisoning Methanation A Active Phase and Structural Modifiers B Electropositive Modifiers C Electronegative Modifiers F ischer– T ropsch Synthesis A Fe ‐Based Catalysts a Active Phase and Structural Modifiers b Metal Modifiers c Sulfur Modification B Co‐Based Catalysts a Electropositive Modifiers b Electronegative Modifiers Ammonia Synthesis A Summary of Iron Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts B Ruthenium Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis a Active Phase and Structural Modifiers b Metal Modifiers c Poisoning Modifiers Case Studies of the Fundamental Basis of Modifier Action in Catalysis Ca promotion in Pd / Si O 2 Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis Direct Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide A Pd Catalysts for Direct H 2 O 2 Synthesis B Promotion Effects of Halide Anions Methane Reforming on Au  Ni Catalysts A Recent Studies on Ni Catalysts for Methane Reforming B Methane Reforming on Au ‐Modified Ni Catalysts Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Alkanes A Effects of Supports, Loading, and Preparation B Effect of Alkali Metal Additives on Vanadia Catalysts Summary

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Carbon-supported ruthenium catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia. The effect of the carbon support and barium promoter on the performance

Cited by 123 publications

References 25 publications

Characterisation of Ru/C catalysts for ammonia synthesis by oxygen chemisorption

Characterisation of Ru/C catalysts for ammonia synthesis by oxygen chemisorption

Ammonia synthesis on graphitic-nanofilament supported Ru catalysts

Promoters and Poisons

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