Carbon paste electrodes modified with Bi 2 O 3 as sensors for the determination of Cd and Pb

Abstract

Carbon paste electrodes bulk-modified with Bi(2)O(3)were used for the determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II). The best composition was 1% (wt%) Bi(2)O(3) in the paste. The measurements were made by differential pulse voltammetry in the potential range from -1.2 V to -0.3 V. The peak potential of the reoxidation of Cd is -0.85 V, and of Pb -0.60 V vs. SCE. The lowest concentration that could be determined was 5 microg L(-1) of both metals (preconcentration time 240 s), the relative standard deviation was 3.5%-5.0% (four determinations). The correlation coefficient ( r(2)) of the calibration curves was 0.9966 (for Cd) and 0.9971 (for Pb). The Bi(2)O(3)-modified electrode could be used for the analysis of drinking water, mineral water and urine.

Characterization and Application of Bismuth‐Film Modified Graphite‐Polyurethane Composite Electrodes

“…GPCE modified with BiF was applied for the determination of five heavy metals, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg, in acetate buffer pH 4.5, by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The role of Bi in this case was the formation of co-deposits with these metals [23] as well as simultaneous electrodeposition, ensuring better preconcentration at the electrode surface, since the stripping potentials of Cu and Hg are more positive than that of Bi. The BiFE was applied to the determination of heavy metals in tap water samples and the effect of surfactants together with Nafion coatings was studied.…”

Preparation of bismuth-based microrods and their application in electroanalysis

“…Then other forms of bismuth, such as bismuth nanoparticles, bismuth nanosheets were reported as modified materials in electroanalysis [10,11], and the change of the morphology improved those materials' stabilities to some extent. Besides, bismuth oxide modified carbon electrode [12] and screen printed electrode [13] had also been employed for the determination of heavy metal ions due to its characteristic parameters such as the energy band gap, and photoconductivity.…”

Carbon paste electrodes in the new millennium

“…Regarding the last advances in the field of metallic film-coated CPEs, the main boom is surely connected with the development and applications of bismuth film-plated carbon paste electrodes (BiF-CPEs [42,[243][244][245][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262]) and other related configurations [254][255][256]258,260,[263][264][265]. The respective activities started within our research group in the early 2000s [248] as an answer to the actual introduction of bismuth film-coated GCEs; again, within the challenges of green analytical chemistry (see [47,[266][267][268][269][270] and refs.…”

“…In addition, a heterogeneous nature of carbon pastes allows one to modify this electrode material either at the outer surface by bismuth films, or via bismuth species added in the bulk. The latter has been utilised in designing two alternatives to the (i) firstly proposed BiF-CPE [248]; namely, (ii) bismuth oxide-carbon paste electrode (Bi 2 O 3 -CPE [263]) and (iii) bismuth-modified carbon paste electrode (Bi-CPE [264]); the latter containing bismuth powder at a ratio of about 20% (m/m) dispersed in the two main carbon paste components [256].…”