Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attractive building blocks for quantum dots because of their extremely small diameters. In this chapter, typical behaviors of the carbon nanotube quantum dots and their artificial atom features are discussed. Then, some applications to the quantum-dot devices are presented. Some challenges on the necessary technologies toward integrated quantum-dot devices are also described.
IntroductionA quantum dot is a structure where electrons are confined in three dimensions and has been studied for functional device applications as well as for exploring interesting physics in nanoscale. The spacing between confined discrete energy levels (E) is a important energy scale associated with the quantum dot, which becomes large as the size of the quantum dot becomes small. In the surface-gated quantum dots formed at an interface between the GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures, which have been widely used to study transport physics [1], a size of the dot is in a range of submicron. This is limited by the resolution of electron beam lithography, and the corresponding level spacing is of the order of 0.1 meV. Another important energy scale associated with the quantum dot is a charging energy of single electrons (E c D e 2 /C † : e is an elementary charge and C † is a self-capacitance of the dot). It is of the order of 1 meV for the lithographically defined quantum dots. With those energy scales, quantum confinement effects and single-electron effects are usually observable below 1 K. Therefore, it is natural to use carbon nanotubes as building blocks of the extremely small quantum dot to realize larger quantum effects and higher temperature operation of quantum-dot devices.