Carbon Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical Sensors/Biosensors for the Sensitive Detection of Pharmaceutical and Biological Compounds

Abstract

Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have attracted considerable attention for the sensitive detection of a variety of biological and pharmaceutical compounds. Since the discovery of carbon-based nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, C60 and graphene, they have garnered tremendous interest for their potential in the design of high-performance electrochemical sensor platforms due to their exceptional thermal, mechanical, electronic, and catalytic properties. Carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors have been employed for the detection of various analytes with rapid electron transfer kinetics. This feature article focuses on the recent design and use of carbon nanomaterials, primarily single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), SWCNTs-rGO, Au nanoparticle-rGO nanocomposites, and buckypaper as sensing materials for the electrochemical detection of some representative biological and pharmaceutical compounds such as methylglyoxal, acetaminophen, valacyclovir, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NADH), and glucose. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of SWCNTs, rGO, and SWCNT-rGO for the detection of acetaminophen and valacyclovir was comparatively studied, revealing that SWCNT-rGO nanocomposites possess excellent electrocatalytic activity in comparison to individual SWCNT and rGO platforms. The sensitive, reliable and rapid analysis of critical disease biomarkers and globally emerging pharmaceutical compounds at carbon nanomaterials based electrochemical sensor platforms may enable an extensive range of applications in preemptive medical diagnostics.

Biophysical and biological contributions of polyamine-coated carbon nanotubes and bidimensional buckypapers in the delivery of miRNAs to human cells

“…In particular, we took into account very small CNTs, a suspension of CNTs starting from the commercial product and a 2D material based on CNTs (ie, buckypapers [BPs]) to examine the transfection efficiency of a rigid scaffold. 26 BPs are randomly entangled and densely packed CNT networks, which have been employed in retina and iris pigment epithelial transplantation 27 as actuators, 28 biosensors, 29 carriers for drug delivery 30 and finally as scaffolds for tissue engineering. 31 Although few studies have characterized the properties of BPs on cell adhesion, cell response and cytotoxicity [32][33][34] and proposed the use of BPs in medical applications, [35][36][37] the use of BPs as transfecting agents for nucleic acids has never been proposed.…”

Carbon nanotube β-cyclodextrin-modified electrode for quantification of cocaine in seized street samples

“…Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most promising conducting polymers for this purpose due to its low cost, ease of preparation, chemical stability, controllable electrical conductivity and excellent environmental stability [11]. Carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT), have been extensively explored due to their promising sensor applications and diverse advantages, such as a high surface-to-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, chemical stability, biocompatibility and robust mechanical strength [12,13]. Nanocomposites of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) have recently been successfully used to study and quantify a variety of organic molecules owing to the synergistic effect of both materials [14][15][16][17].…”

Design and Electrochemical Study of Platinum-Based Nanomaterials for Sensitive Detection of Nitric Oxide in Biomedical Applications

“…Platinum nanomaterial-based signal amplification has excellent potential to enhance both the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors through remarkable achievements in nanotechnology based sensor platforms [20,48,49]. The achievement of the control of nanoparticle dimensions, morphology, and dispersion is significant for enabling selective and enhanced electrocatalytic activity.…”