Carbon nanomaterials and their application to electrochemical sensors: a review

Abstract

Carbon has long been applied as an electrochemical sensing interface owing to its unique electrochemical properties. Moreover, recent advances in material design and synthesis, particularly nanomaterials, has produced robust electrochemical sensing systems that display superior analytical performance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most extensively studied nanostructures because of their unique properties. In terms of electroanalysis, the ability of CNTs to augment the electrochemical reactivity of important biomolecules and promote electron transfer reactions of proteins is of particular interest. The remarkable sensitivity of CNTs to changes in surface conductivity due to the presence of adsorbates permits their application as highly sensitive nanoscale sensors. CNT-modified electrodes have also demonstrated their utility as anchors for biomolecules such as nucleic acids, and their ability to diminish surface fouling effects. Consequently, CNTs are highly attractive to researchers as a basis for many electrochemical sensors. Similarly, synthetic diamonds electrochemical properties, such as superior chemical inertness and biocompatibility, make it desirable both for (bio) chemical sensing and as the electrochemical interface for biological systems. This is highlighted by the recent development of multiple electrochemical diamond-based biosensors and bio interfaces.

Nanomaterial‐based Sensors for the Study of DNA Interaction with Drugs

“…However, one should keep in mind that the critical length scale is not necessarily 100 nm, as it depends on the material and property under consideration . For carbon atoms, the main representative materials according to this classification are: buckyballs (linear or 0‐D), nanotubes (1‐D), graphene (plane or 2‐D), and diamond and graphite (tetrahedral or 3‐D), , see Figure .…”

“…Carbon has long been applied as an electrochemical sensing interface owing to its versatility and unique electrochemical properties. Procedures in electroanalysis strongly depend on material aspects such as chemical and physical properties of electrode surfaces, the effects of the applied potential, adsorption, and coatings applied to the electrode surface to enhance detection , see Figure A. Carbon‐based nanostructures, such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and mesoporous carbons, have been extensively used in the fabrication of modified electrodes for applications in both, analytical and industrial electrochemistry.…”

“…One general advantage of all nanomaterials is that the high specific surface enables the immobilization of an enhanced amount of biomolecule units . However, one of the constant challenges is the immobilization strategy used to conjugate the bio‐specific entity intimately on such nanomaterials.…”

Graphene and CNT impact on heat transfer response of nanocomposite cylinders

“…In recent decades, the use of nanocomposite structures has been growing rapidly and has attracted much attention from scientific research communities [1,2]. Among the utilized nanofillers, CNT and graphene have become very popular due to their unique thermo-mechanical properties.…”

Simple model for hydrolytic degradation of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene oxide)/carbon nanotubes nanobiosensor in neutral phosphate‐buffered saline solution

“…Nanomaterials are very attractive in this area because they have a large surface area to volume ratio, permitting the surface to be used in an efficient way. It was reported that carbon nanomaterials can provide electrochemical biosensing for effective discovery of diseases such as cancers (Power, Gorey, Chandra, & Chapman, 2018).…”