Carbon-free sustainable energy technology: Direct ammonia fuel cells

Guo, Yuqi; Pan, Zhefei; An, Liang

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228454

Cited by 72 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…In the study, different technologies were assessed, and it was inferred that the combination of ammonia and battery was amongst the most profitable. Also, in [48] a Life Cycle Assessment analysis was performed in order to investigate the environmental impact of hydrogen and ammonia fuelled marine transportation tankers and ships, compared to traditional fuel oil. Results indicated that ammonia can be used for marine engines either as supplementary fuel or as a main fuel leading to significantly lower global warming during ship operation.…”

Section: Alternative Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry

et al. 2021

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In April 2018, the International Maritime Organisation adopted an ambitious plan to contribute to the global efforts to reduce the Greenhouse Gas emissions, as set by the Paris Agreement, by targeting a 50% reduction in shipping’s Green House Gas emissions by 2050, benchmarked to 2008 levels. To meet these challenging goals, the maritime industry must introduce environmentally friendly fuels with negligible, or low SOX, NOX and CO2 emissions. Ammonia use in maritime applications is considered promising, due to its high energy density, low flammability, easy storage and low production cost. Moreover, ammonia can be used as fuel in a variety of propulsors such as fuel cells and can be produced from renewable sources. As a result, ammonia can be used as a versatile marine fuel, exploiting the existing infrastructure, and having zero SOX and CO2 emissions. However, there are several challenges to overcome for ammonia to become a compelling fuel towards the decarbonisation of shipping. Such factors include the selection of the appropriate ammonia-fuelled power generator, the selection of the appropriate system safety assessment tool, and mitigating measures to address the hazards of ammonia. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of ammonia fuelled fuel cells for marine applications and presents their potential, and challenges.

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Section: Alternative Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry

et al. 2021

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“…Out of these alternatives, the advantages of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier makes it attractive for the maritime industry. Anhydrous ammonia is a carbon‐free fuel and can be used in internal combustion engines, fuel cells, steam turbines, or gas turbines 4,6,7 . The volumetric energy density of ammonia in liquid form (hereinafter referred to as “liquid ammonia”) is acceptable for some ship types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative risk assessment for ammonia ship‐to‐ship bunkering based on Bayesian network

Fan

Enshaei

Jayasinghe

et al. 2021

Process Safety Progress

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The maritime industry is getting prepared for using ammonia as a fuel to meet the decarbonization goal. However, ammonia is toxic, corrosive, and flammable, which poses specific safety challenges during bunkering compared with conventional fuels.The corrosion can be prevented by selecting suitable materials. However, the impact of toxic gas dispersion and fire has high uncertainties, thus risk assessment should be conducted. Currently, there are insufficient risk assessment guidelines for ammonia bunkering available. Therefore, this paper proposes a Bayesian network (BN) based quantitative risk assessment framework to investigate the potential risks of ammonia in ship-to-ship bunkering considering the toxicity and flammability. The study validates the utility of the proposed framework and demonstrates the BN as an efficient model in performing the probabilities calculations and flexible in conducting causal diagnosis. The results show that toxicity has the greatest impact on the risks of ammonia bunkering compared with flammability. The main innovation of this work is realizing the efficient quantification of risks for ammonia ship-to-ship bunkering by using the BN.

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“…However, modern LIB technology still confronts a major issue toward rate capabilities 7,8 . For its application in battery electric vehicles, it often consumes plenty of time to achieve a full charge 9 . A primary reason for this problem is the sluggish lithium‐ion diffusion in the interlayer of electrode materials during lithiation 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…charge. 9 A primary reason for this problem is the sluggish lithium-ion diffusion in the interlayer of electrode materials during lithiation. 10 Another reason is the large desolvation energy of lithium ions, leading to sluggish lithium-ion diffusion across the electrolyte/electrode interface.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the sodium‐storage performance enhancement of adsorption‐type carbon materials after ammonia treatment: Active nitrogen dopants or specific surface area?

Huang

et al. 2020

Int J Energy Res

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Adsorption-type carbon materials are promising candidates for fast sodium-ion storage via surface physisorption or chemisorption of sodium ions. Posttreatment of carbon such as ammonia can simultaneously strengthen both adsorption effects by increasing the specific surface area for physisorption, and by introducing active nitrogen dopants for chemisorption. Which factor, however, the increment of specific surface area or the introduction of active nitrogen dopants, predominantly contributes to sodium-storage capacity increment, remains a question. Answering this question is of great importance for understanding the sodium storage mechanism of adsorption-type carbon materials and thereby optimizing their sodium storage capabilities. In this work, pristine carbon is thermally treated in ammonia at temperatures from 600 to 1200 C, resulting in a simultaneous increase of specific surface area (8.6-1155 m 2 g −1) and active nitrogen dopants (0.75-6.47 wt%). Correlations between sodium storage capacity and specific surface area/active nitrogen dopants are established. It is found that as the post-treatment temperature increases, the capacity increment is contributed first by sodium physisorption on active surface, and then by sodium chemisorption on nitrogen dopants. Our findings enrich the mechanistic understanding of sodium storage in adsorption-type carbon materials, which may guide the rational designs of carbon materials for high-rate sodium-based energy storage systems.

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Carbon-free sustainable energy technology: Direct ammonia fuel cells

Cited by 72 publications

References 125 publications

Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry

Review on the Safe Use of Ammonia Fuel Cells in the Maritime Industry

Quantitative risk assessment for ammonia ship‐to‐ship bunkering based on Bayesian network

Revealing the sodium‐storage performance enhancement of adsorption‐type carbon materials after ammonia treatment: Active nitrogen dopants or specific surface area?

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