Carbon fixation

Lawson, Tracy; Emmerson, Robyn; Battle, Martin William; Pullin, Jacob; Wall, Shellie; Hofmann, Tanja A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823781-6.00008-3

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…An average annual load of 90% was assumed, with expected power generated from the power unit of about 1.16 TWh. Paulownia is a rapidly growing biomass due to its C4-pathway of carbon fixation, i.e., it captures CO 2 through the C4 type of photosynthesis [138,139]. The uniqueness of this tree genus is that almost 100% of its mass (stem, branches, leaves and flowers) is utilized, and in addition to the supply of wood and biomass, there are many auxiliary ecological benefits [140,141].…”

Section: Electric and Thermal Power Cogeneration Utilizing Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coal Share Reduction Options for Power Generation during the Energy Transition: A Bulgarian Perspective

Todorov,

Kralov,

Koprev

et al. 2024

Energies

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The sustainable energy transition to a low-carbon and climate-neutral economy by 2050 requires a consistent increase in the share of renewable energy sources (RESs) at the expense of the share of fossil fuels. The coal power plants in the Republic of Bulgaria have provided about one third of the annually produced electric power for decades, utilizing mainly locally available sources of lignite. The present work aimed to review the progress of the energy transition, its rejection and acceptance at the national and international scene alongside the available research for cleaner coal combustion in Bulgaria, as well as discuss a Bulgarian perspective for coal share reduction options for power generation during the energy transition. A comprehensive review was carried out, based on freely accessible data such as research and open media articles, officially published field reports, legislative and strategic acts as well as validated statistical data. Three groups of critical gaps (socioeconomic, sociotechnical and cultural and political) were indicated, claimed to be capable of guiding the just transition. Key factors influencing the process dynamics were identified and categorized in the context of the critical gaps. The peculiar policy criteria for the carbon-intensive regions are as follows: the dominant energy carriers, existing infrastructure, involved actors and choice of strategy. The observations allowed us to conclude that in addition to the efforts achieved and ambitious political will, the identification of reliable technological and socioeconomic measures is needed more than ever (accompanied by interdisciplinary research involving the technical, social and environmental and policy factors), while renewables still have long way to go towards complete substitution of the fossil fuels for power generation, transport, and manufacturing. Limited literature was found for reducing the share of coal from currently operating Bulgarian coal-fired power plants (CFPPs). Herein, short- and/or medium-term measures for carbon emission reduction were discussed, capable of promoting the limited operation of existing CFPPs, thus paving the road towards a sustainable, long-term transition. These measures concerned the typically used power units in the largest CFPPs located at the Maritsa Iztok Mining Complex (MIMC). Analyses of the biomass production, supply and cost for the same type of power units were proposed, considering the use of 100% biomass. Estimated costs, unit efficiencies and power generation were discussed along with the evaluations about the land use, ensuring a given annual productivity of wood chips from fast growing plants, e.g., Paulownia.

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Section: Electric and Thermal Power Cogeneration Utilizing Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coal Share Reduction Options for Power Generation during the Energy Transition: A Bulgarian Perspective

Todorov,

Kralov,

Koprev

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…where δ 13 C foliar and δ 13 C atm are the isotope composition of the plant leaves and the surrounding atmosphere, respectively; a (4.4‰) and b (27‰) are fractionation due to diffusion and carbon dioxide fixation, respectively (Du et al, 2021;Lawson et al, 2022); and c i /c a is the ratio between intercellular and ambient concentrations of CO 2 . The relationship between WUE and δ 13 C can be written by describing the photosynthetic gas exchange (Cernusak, 2020;Marshall et al, 2007):…”

Section: Wue Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon isotope ratios have been typically used to infer photosynthetic WUE, which is defined as the ratio between net photosynthesis and transpiration (Gorthi et al, 2019; Marshall et al, 2007). In a pioneering study, Farquhar et al (1982) showed that δ 13 C in tissues of C3 plants is a reliable indicator of WUE, as both are controlled by intercellular CO 2 levels:

δ^{13} C_{foliar} = δ^{13} C_{atm} - a - (b - a) \frac{c_{i}}{c_{a}}

where δ 13 C foliar and δ 13 C atm are the isotope composition of the plant leaves and the surrounding atmosphere, respectively; a (4.4‰) and b (27‰) are fractionation due to diffusion and carbon dioxide fixation, respectively (Du et al, 2021; Lawson et al, 2022); and c i / c a is the ratio between intercellular and ambient concentrations of CO 2 . The relationship between WUE and δ 13 C can be written by describing the photosynthetic gas exchange (Cernusak, 2020; Marshall et al, 2007):

η_{WUE} = \frac{A}{T_{r}} = \frac{(c_{normala} - c_{normali}) g / 1.53}{g D_{LAV}} = \frac{((), c_{a} goodbreak- c_{i})}{1.53 D_{LAV}}

where

η_{WUE}

is the WUE, A is the net photosynthetic rate, T r is the transpiration rate, g is the stomatal conductance, 1.53 is the ratio of diffusivities of water vapor and atmospheric CO 2 (Campbell & Norman, 2012), and D LAV is the difference in water vapor concentration between the leaf and the surrounding atmosphere (Farquhar & Richards, 1984; Marshall et al, 2007).…”

Section: Sia Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Fractionation In Plants And Wuementioning

confidence: 99%

Using foliar δ¹³C from high‐Andean plants (Silala River basin) as a measure of potential evapotranspiration through water use efficiency

Suárez,

Latorre,

Mendoza

et al. 2023

WIREs Water

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The water‐dependent nature of arid ecosystems is closely related to the coupling between energy input through photosynthesis and the loss of water through transpiration (Tr), which can be expressed as water use efficiency (WUE). The relationship, however, between environmental factors and plant physiology in controlling evapotranspiration is not well understood in high‐altitude arid environments. Here, we review the use of carbon isotope fractionation (δ13C) to indirectly track fluctuations in WUE and the use of the portable chamber method to partition landscape actual evapotranspiration (ETa) into Tr and bare soil evaporation (Ebs) in the alluvial deposits of the Silala River, a high elevation watershed located in northern Chile. Landscape ETa was also measured with Eddy covariance (EC) systems in the basin's riparian wetland and alluvial hillslope deposits. Carbon isotope results were consistent with what is known from the literature regarding these high‐elevation ecosystems. WUE, as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination values, decreased in summer (the wet season), and increased in winter at all sites. These results were consistent with the EC measurements. Changes in WUE were much greater in the valley wetlands than along the hillslopes, most likely due to a large drop in available soil moisture along the valley bottom during the dry season. Portable chamber results obtained during summer and winter field campaigns showed that at the landscape scale, hillslope ETa was mainly dominated by bare soil evaporation; and ETa partitioning into Tr and Ebs had a seasonal change.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Methods Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

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“…In plants that do typical C 3 photosynthesis, low % IAS can limit photosynthesis as it minimizes mesophyll conductance ( g m ), which controls the rate at which CO 2 can diffuse from the stomata to the chloroplasts ( Baillie and Fleming, 2020 ; Cousins et al ., 2020 ). CO 2 diffusivity is greater within the gas than the liquid phase of cells, and hence species with a greater % IAS can conduct CO 2 across their mesophyll more efficiently ( Lawson et al ., 2022 ). Additionally, the cell surface area exposed to IAS per leaf area ( L mes /area) is also thought to limit g m in C 3 plants, by affecting the rate at which CO 2 dissolves into the liquid phase, across the cell wall and into the chloroplast.…”

Section: The Architecture Of Photosynthetic Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low internal air space in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism may be an anatomical spandrel

Leverett,

Borland,

Inge

et al. 2023

Annals of Botany

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Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) is a photosynthetic adaptation found in at least 38 plant families. Typically, the anatomy of CAM plants is characterised by large photosynthetic cells and a low percentage of leaf volume comprised of internal air space (% IAS). It has been suggested that reduced mesophyll conductance (gm) arising from low % IAS benefits CAM plants by preventing the movement of CO2 out of cells and ultimately minimising leakage of CO2 from leaves into the atmosphere during day-time decarboxylation. Here, we propose that low % IAS does not provide any adaptive benefit to CAM plants, because stomatal closure during phase III of CAM will result in internal concentrations of CO2 becoming saturated, meaning low gm will not have any meaningful impact on the flux of gasses within leaves. We suggest that low % IAS is more likely an indirect consequence of maximising the cellular volume within a leaf, to provide space for the overnight storage of malic acid during the CAM cycle.

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Carbon fixation

Cited by 7 publications

References 171 publications

Coal Share Reduction Options for Power Generation during the Energy Transition: A Bulgarian Perspective

Coal Share Reduction Options for Power Generation during the Energy Transition: A Bulgarian Perspective

Using foliar δ¹³C from high‐Andean plants (Silala River basin) as a measure of potential evapotranspiration through water use efficiency

Low internal air space in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism may be an anatomical spandrel

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Carbon fixation

Cited by 7 publications

References 171 publications

Coal Share Reduction Options for Power Generation during the Energy Transition: A Bulgarian Perspective

Coal Share Reduction Options for Power Generation during the Energy Transition: A Bulgarian Perspective

Using foliar δ13C from high‐Andean plants (Silala River basin) as a measure of potential evapotranspiration through water use efficiency

Low internal air space in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism may be an anatomical spandrel

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Using foliar δ¹³C from high‐Andean plants (Silala River basin) as a measure of potential evapotranspiration through water use efficiency