Carbon films and carbide formation on tungsten

Deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to low-energy, high-flux clean and carbon-seeded deuterium plasmas

“…Table 1. Binding energies for C 1s in carbon films and tungsten carbides [50] (preliminary data were published in [9])…”

“…Carbon and hydrocarbon impurities in the hydrogen plasma will not only govern the process of tungsten erosion and carbon deposition as reported in Ref. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], but will create near-surface layers of tungsten carbides, W 2 C and WC, depending on the conditions like the supply of thermal energy or particle bombardment [9][10][11][12][13], and also affect the surface deformation such as blistering [11,[14][15][16].…”

Carbon reaction and diffusion on Ni(111), Ni(100), and Fe(110): Kinetic parameters from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory analysis

“…The formation reaction of the respective carbides (Fe 3 C, Ni 3 C) are endothermic, in contrast to almost all other carbides. We already studied the thermal behavior of elemental carbon films on W, Ti, Si and Be [14][15][16][17]. These elements form carbides in an exothermic formation reaction.…”

An overview of sputtering-related processes occurring at mixed surfaces formed by simultaneous C+ and D+ irradiation of W

“…Literature data for diffusion in W carbide is rather sparse but suggests that it is at least one order of magnitude lower than trace diffusion in pure W (see also selected diffusion data in Figure 8). While the phase diagram in Figure 9 suggests a temperature of ~1500 K for the onset of W 2 C formation, the experimental results in [38] indicate that the formation may start already at 1000 K. In [36] the authors discuss the formation of different carbides while heating C layers on W substrates. They detected formation of W 2 C at about 1000 K and a transition to WC when heating to higher (>1200 K) temperatures.…”