“…In this study, two types of conductive materials were used to make concrete pavement capable of sensing loads and damage in the form of cracking by detecting electrical resistivity. Self-sensing materials, sometimes called multifunctional or smart materials [16] come in various forms, with additions including carbon fiber, steel fiber, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black, nickel powder, graphite powder, and steel slag having been used to increase electrical conductivity and piezoelectricity in cement-based construction materials [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Among these smart fillers, carbonic materials have been reported as exhibiting excellent detection capabilities in cement-based composites as well as in epoxy or polymer composites [7,[23][24][25][26].…”