Carbon Black‐Filled Natural Rubber Composites: Physical Chemistry and Reinforcing Mechanism

Structure & Property Relationship in Nano Filler Loaded Crosslinked Rubbers. Part 1

“…Nakajima et al [7] used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine the elasticity modulus of the bound rubber and the distance from the CB surface in CB filled NR vulcanisate and reported that the bound rubber had a double layer structure composed of a glassy layer of thickness about 2 nm and an uncrosslinked rubber layer of thickness about 8 nm. The above result of 3.9 nm lies intermediate between the layer thicknesses of the [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] have reported from 3D-TEM observation of HAF filled NR vulcanisate and measurements of volume resistivity that the distance of closest approach (d p ) between particles in the HAF aggregate is about 3 nm. This value of d p corresponds closely with the t irl value of approx imately 3.9 nm.…”

“…This first article gives an account of the pretreat ment of vulcanisates to remove rubber-soluble zinc compounds, which was the first big hurdle to overcome in our series of studies, and illustrates the application of pretreatment to nanofiller-filled rubber vulcanisates. In 3D-TEM observations, a thin slice is rotated across the range -70° to +70°; the gradient images (density distributions) are acquired at 2° intervals and combined, whereupon alignment and three-dimensional image construction by Radon transform are performed [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. As would be expected, specimen preparation including pretreatments such as preparation of thin slices and electron staining is vitally important in 3D-TEM observation technology.…”

“…Working backward to the rubber vulcan isation reactions, it was supposed that the low contrast derives from the presence of rubber-soluble zinc compounds. From tests of this hypothesis, a method of pretreatment was devised that excluded rubber-soluble zinc compounds from the vulcanisate using an original solvent mixture (the NARC-AK method) and this led to the first successful well-defined visualisation of the dispersion-aggregation structure of nanofiller (silica and CB) in rubber [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Influence of filler system on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of butyl reclaimed rubber

“…Previous studies have reported that abrasion resistance is controlled by modulus, friction coefficient, and filler dispersion. High modulus, low friction coefficient, and good filler dispersion contribute to excellent abrasion resistance (Kato et al 2012).…”

Graft Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and Vinyltriethoxysilane onto Natural Rubber

“…However, due to C=C bonds in the main chain, NR has its limitation in applications in the un-crosslinked state. Thus, NR is subjected to compound with various reinforcing fillers such as carbon black [1], silica [2], carbon nanotubes [3], nano-clay [4], nano-diamond [5], and so forth to increase its durability. Methods of incorporating the fillers were primarily achieved by latex or solid mixing.…”