Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Drug Delivery Agents for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Preface to Colorectal Cancer Citing Their Markers and Existing Theranostic Approaches

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the universally established cancers with a higher incidence rate. Novel progression toward cancer prevention and cancer care among countries in transition should be considered seriously for controlling CRC. Hence, several cutting edge technologies are ongoing for high performance cancer therapeutics over the past few decades. Several drug-delivery systems of the nanoregime are relatively new in this arena compared to the previous treatment modes such as chemoor radiotherapy to mitigate cancer. Based on this background, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment possibilities, and theragnostic markers for CRC were revealed. Since the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the management of CRC has been less studied, the present review analyzes the preclinical studies on the application of carbon nanotubes for drug delivery and CRC therapy owing to their inherent properties. It also investigates the toxicity of CNTs on normal cells for safety testing and the clinical use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) for tumor localization. To conclude, this review recommends the clinical application of carbon-based nanomaterials further for the management of CRC in diagnosis and as carriers or therapeutic adjuvants.

Carbon-coated selenium nanoparticles for photothermal therapy in choriocarcinoma cells

“…22 For example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are typical 1D nanomaterials with exible and effective loading structure, superior stability, biocompatibility, site-targeted drug release, and exhibit uorescence emission in the NIR region. 23,24 Sarin et al 25 conrmed that Se/C bifunctional nanoparticles were highly effective in inducing the death of malignant mesothelial cells in vitro. On the one hand, selenium nanoparticles can not only enhance the cytotoxicity to cancer cells but also serve as a carrier for targeted drug delivery.…”

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Delivery of Ferulic Acid and Diosgenin Anticancer Natural Agents

“…Many nanomaterials have been utilized as vehicles for DDSs. Among these nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have garnered much attention as a favorable nanocarrier due to their favorable physicochemical properties: shape, high surface area, chemical stability, possibility of multiple surface modifications, high drug-loading capacity, and other properties. − CNTs may penetrate cell membranes and be internalized into cells. , The flexibility, length, and diameter of CNTs greatly differ depending on how they are manufactured and applied . These properties are of great importance in biomedical applications as they determine cytotoxicity and biosafety , and can affect cellular uptake processes …”

Exploring Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Nanocarrier in the Delivery of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particle Vaccines

“…Nanomaterials as drug or vaccine delivery vectors have gained significant interest in recent years . To date, a diverse array of nanomaterials have been fabricated and utilized in drug delivery systems or vaccine carriers, such as nanoemulsions, , liposomes, − gold nanoparticles, polymer-based particles, and carbon-based nanomaterials. , Among various nanomaterials, silica nanoparticles (SNs) have attracted a wide range of interest owing to their straightforward synthesis and surface modification, nearly nontoxic nature, high biocompatibility, and inherent structural superiorities. , Specifically, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs), as a distinctive subtype of SNs, possess substantial hollow interiors and penetrating mesopores in the shell, which endow them with much higher loading capacity and sustained-release properties than traditional mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs) characterized by uniformly small mesopores. − Recently, HMSNs as small-molecule drug delivery vectors have been extremely successful in improving the loading capacity . However, there are relatively few reports on the use of HMSNs as biomacromolecular drugs or protein delivery carriers.…”