Carbon Balance Model of a Growing Apple Shoot: II. Simulated Effects of Light and Temperature on Long and Short Shoots

Johnson, Randall S.; Lakso, Alan N.

doi:10.21273/jashs.111.2.164

Cited by 35 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Studying apple trees, Hansen (1977) and Lakso (1984) showed that short twig leaves, representing foliarized structures (Lauri and Te Ârouanne, 1991;Lauri and Kelner, 2001), start to export carbohydrates 10 d after the onset of growth, whereas rather axialized long shoots (Lauri and Te Ârouanne, 1991;Lauri and Kelner, 2001) do not export carbohydrates until 3±4 weeks after budding. In agreement with Hansen's (1977) results, Lakso (1984), Johnson and Lakso (1986), Lakso and Corelli-Grappelli (1992) and Lauri and Kelner (2001) showed that, contrary to long shoots, the capacity of short shoots to precociously export carbohydrates to other parts of the plant could be linked, in part, to the development of a reduced quantity of caulinary tissues by these structures (Johnson and Lakso, 1986). Thereafter, less time is required to complete stem structure formation after lengthening of leafy shoots.…”

Section: Interpretation Of Rubus Alceifolius Behaviour Through Axiali...supporting

confidence: 74%

Developmental Patterns of the Invasive Bramble (Rubus alceifolius Poiret, Rosaceae) in Reunion Island: an Architectural and Morphometric Analysis

Baret

Nicolini²,

Bourgeois³

et al. 2002

Annals of Botany

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The aim of this study was to identify the developmental stages of Rubus alceifolius and to determine one or more characteristic morphological markers for each stage. The developmental reconstitution method used involved a detailed description of many individuals throughout the different stages of growth, from germination to the development of an adult shoot capable of fruiting. Results revealed that R. alceifolius passes through five developmental stages that can be distinguished by changes in several morphological markers such as internode length and diameter, pith diameter and plant shape. This analysis indicated that R. alceifolius has a heteroblastic developmental pattern, midway between that of a bush and a liana. Moreover, results showed that this species taps environmental resources early in its development, i.e. foliarization is high (the foliar component overrides the caulinary component) and an autotrophic stage is rapidly reached, whereas it 'explores' the environment during the adult stage, i.e. axialization is substantial (the caulinary component overrides the foliar component) and autotrophy occurs at a later stage. The morphological markers identified could benefit land-use managers attempting to control this species before it reaches its optimum developmental stage.

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Section: Interpretation Of Rubus Alceifolius Behaviour Through Axiali...supporting

confidence: 74%

Developmental Patterns of the Invasive Bramble (Rubus alceifolius Poiret, Rosaceae) in Reunion Island: an Architectural and Morphometric Analysis

Baret

Nicolini²,

Bourgeois³

et al. 2002

Annals of Botany

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“…Several studies discussed how shoot length (i.e. long vs. short, or spur, shoots) affects the ability of the tree to produce and support fruit ( Johnson and Lakso, 1986a ; Johnson and Lakso, 1986b ). The wood to leaf biomass ratio is higher in long shoots (i.e.…”

Section: Tree Architecture and Biomass Partitioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivar ideotype for intensive olive orchards: plant vigor, biomass partitioning, tree architecture and fruiting characteristics

Rosati,

Paoletti,

Lodolini

et al. 2024

Front. Plant Sci.

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In order to achieve higher and earlier yield, modern olive orchards are increasingly intensified, with tree densities up to > 1500 trees hectare-1. With increasing tree densities, individual-tree canopy volume must be proportionally reduced. Not all cultivars are adaptable to high and very high orchard densities, because of excessive vigor and/or insufficient bearing when the canopy is pruned to a small volume. However, what makes an olive cultivar suitable for intensive and super intensive orchards is not clear. Recently, few studies have addressed this topic, suggesting that tree architecture and early bearing are essential traits. Yet, what architectural and productive features are important, how they work and whether they are interrelated remains elusive. This review summarizes and interprets the literature on olive, as well as the more abundant literature available for other fruit species, aiming to provide a comprehensive knowledge framework for understanding how tree architectural characteristics, plant vigor, and fruiting vary across olive genotypes, and how they are interconnected. It is concluded that, among the architectural characteristics, greater branching and smaller diameters of woody structures are particularly important features for cultivar suitability to intensive and super intensive olive orchards. Greater branching allows to produce more fruiting sites in the small volume of canopy allowed in these systems. It also reduces investments in woody structures, liberating resources for fruiting. Additional resources are liberated with smaller structure diameters. Greater branching also increases resources by increasing biomass partitioning into leaves (i.e. the photosynthetic organs), relative to wood. Since yield is affected by the competition for resources with vegetative growth, reducing resource investments in woody structures and/or increasing resource directly, increases yield. Yield, in turn, depresses vegetative growth, reducing vigor and the need for pruning. High yields also produce short shoots which have relatively greater investments in leaf mass and area, and lower in the woody stem, making them more suitable than long shoots to support concurrent fruit growth. This single framework of interpretation of how the different architectural and fruiting characteristics work and interact with one-another, will provide guidance for cultivar selection and breeding for intensive and super intensive olive orchards.

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“…In this study, we analysed the primary costs of stems associated with leaf display. We tested the hypothesis that short shoots with extremely reduced internodes are much cheaper to produce than long shoots, and explain why these structures can have a positive carbon balance in self‐shaded parts of the crown (Johnson & Lakso, 1986; Dörken & Stützel, 2009; Dörken, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

If self‐shading is so bad, why is there so much? Short shoots reconcile costs and benefits

et al. 2022

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If trees minimize self-shading, new foliage in shaded parts of the crown should remain minimal. However, many species have abundant foliage on short shoots inside their crown. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that short shoots allow trees to densify their foliage in selfshaded parts of the crown thanks to reduced costs.Using 30 woody species in Mediterranean and tropical biomes, we estimated the contribution of short shoots to total plant foliage, calculated their costs relative to long shoots including wood cost and used 3D plant simulations calibrated with field measurements to quantify their light interception, self-shading and yield.In species with short shoots, leaves on short shoots account for the majority of leaf area. The reduced cost of short stems enables the production of leaf area with 36% less biomass. Simulations show that although short shoots are more self-shaded, they benefit the plant because they cost less. Lastly, the morphological properties of short shoots have major implications for whole plant architecture.Taken together, our results question the validity of only assessing leaf costs to understand leaf economics and call for more integrated observations at the crown scale to understand light capture strategies in woody plants.

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Carbon Balance Model of a Growing Apple Shoot: II. Simulated Effects of Light and Temperature on Long and Short Shoots

Cited by 35 publications

References 9 publications

Developmental Patterns of the Invasive Bramble (Rubus alceifolius Poiret, Rosaceae) in Reunion Island: an Architectural and Morphometric Analysis

Developmental Patterns of the Invasive Bramble (Rubus alceifolius Poiret, Rosaceae) in Reunion Island: an Architectural and Morphometric Analysis

Cultivar ideotype for intensive olive orchards: plant vigor, biomass partitioning, tree architecture and fruiting characteristics

If self‐shading is so bad, why is there so much? Short shoots reconcile costs and benefits

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