Carbon and nitrogen in arable soils as affected by supply of N fertilizers and organic manures

Persson, Jan; Kirchmann, Holger

doi:10.1016/0167-8809(94)90048-5

Cited by 71 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…However, when urea was used (Kundu and Samui, 2000), a net soil N gain of 5 kg ha −1 yr −1 at a 100 kg ha −1 yr −1 N rate changed to a net soil N loss of 17 kg ha −1 yr −1 at a 200 kg ha −1 yr −1 N rate. Persson and Kirchmann (1994) found in a long-term experiment started in 1956 in Sweden that straw return + N fertilizer in the form of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 increased more soil C and N than green manure in the topsoil layer. It would be more desirable if they had also examined subsurface soil.…”

Section: Soil Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review

Miao¹,

Stewart²,

Zhang³

2010

Agronomy Sust. Developm.

446

215

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-China is facing one of the largest challenges of this century to continue to increase annual cereal production to about 600 Mt by 2030 to ensure food security with shrinking cropland and limited resources, while maintaining or improving soil fertility, and protecting the environment. Rich experiences in integrated and efficient utilization of different strategies of crop rotation, intercropping, and all possible nutrient resources accumulated by Chinese farmers in traditional farming systems have been gradually abandoned and nutrient management shifted to over-reliance on synthetic fertilizers. China is now the world's largest producer, consumer and importer of chemical fertilizers. Overapplication of nitrogen (N) is common in intensive agricultural regions, and current N-uptake efficiency was reported to be only 28.3, 28.2 and 26.1% for rice, wheat and maize, respectively, and less than 20% in intensive agricultural regions and for fruit trees or vegetable crops. In addition to surface and groundwater pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, over-application of N fertilizers has caused significant soil acidification in major Chinese croplands, decreasing soil pH by 0.13 to 2.20. High yield as a top priority, small-scale farming, lack of temporal synchronization of nutrient supply and crop demand, lack of effective extension systems, and hand application of fertilizers by farmers are possible reasons leading to the over-application problems. There is little doubt that current nutrient management practices are not sustainable and more efficient management systems need to be developed. A review of long-term experiments conducted around the world indicated that chemical fertilizer alone is not enough to improve or maintain soil fertility at high levels and the soil acidification problem caused by overapplication of synthetic N fertilizers can be reduced if more fertilizer N is applied as NO − 3 relative to ammonium-or urea-based N fertilizers. Organic fertilizers can improve soil fertility and quality, but long-term application at high rates can also lead to more nitrate leaching, and accumulation of P, if not managed well. Well-managed combination of chemical and organic fertilizers can overcome the disadvantages of applying single source of fertilizers and sustainably achieve higher crop yields, improve soil fertility, alleviate soil acidification problems, and increase nutrient-use efficiency compared with only using chemical fertilizers. Crop yield can be increased through temporal diversity using crop rotation strategies compared with continuous cropping and legume-based cropping systems can reduce carbon and nitrogen losses. Crop yield responses to N fertilization can vary significantly from year to year due to variation in weather conditions and indigenous N supply, thus the commonly adopted prescriptive approach to N management needs to be replaced by a responsive in-season management approach based on diagnosis of crop growth, N status and demand. A crop sensor-based in-season site-specific N mana...

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Section: Soil Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review

Miao¹,

Stewart²,

Zhang³

2010

Agronomy Sust. Developm.

446

215

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“…In the long-term, no N fertilization and poor crop growth will also result in depletion of soil organic matter (Persson and Kirchmann 1994). This may affect soil physical and biological properties, which may in turn affect P mobilization and transport.…”

Section: Measured Phosphorus Concentrations In Drainage Water and Phomentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term measurements and model simulations of phosphorus leaching from a manured sandy soil

Liu¹,

Aronsson²,

Blombäck³

et al. 2012

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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Cropping systems with high phosphorus (P) inputs may constitute a risk of P leaching, which contributes to eutrophication. The main objective of this study was to identify P leaching risks associated with three long-term fertilization regimes in separately tile-drained plots on a sandy soil in southwest Sweden. The three regimes resulted in different annual P surpluses of, on average, 16 kg P ha −1 (14 lb P ac) in mineral form and 18 kg P ha −1 (16 lb P ac) and 37 kg P ha −1 (33 lb P ac) as pig slurry. The importance of different soil characteristics (soil P, iron, aluminum, and calcium content, and degree of P saturation [DPS]) and processes (water flow and P sorption/desorption) was examined using 15 years (1989 to 2003) of P leaching measurements and simulations with the ICECREAM model. Measurements of high soil P content and DPS values in the topsoil, in combination with high precipitation and rapid water flow, indicated a high potential for P losses, which was confirmed by the model simulations. However, the model considerably overestimated total P leaching by a factor of 5 to 9 since measured P leaching was small for all treatments. Measured mean annual total P leaching and total P concentration ranged respectively from 0.14 kg ha ) in the mineral P treatment. The differences in concentration were statistically significant (p < 0.001). A main conclusion from this 15-year study was that annual pig slurry application rates of 37 to 58 kg P ha −1 (33 to 52 lb P ac −1 ) did not increase P leaching. High sorption capacity of the subsoil, caused by Fe, Al, and Ca, was obviously very important for controlling P losses. Thus, information on soil P content and fertilization must be supplemented with estimates of soil P sorption capacity when evaluating the risk of P leaching for different soils. This must also be considered in models used for assessment of P leaching from arable land. The current ICECREAM model does not include appropriate functions for describing P sorption/desorption processes in this type of soil and needs further development. Key words: phosphorus application rate-phosphorus leaching-pig slurry-sorption/ desorption processes-ICECREAM modelAgriculture is estimated to contribute roughly 40% of the phosphorus (P) loading to Swedish fresh waters and the Baltic Sea, which are threatened with accelerating eutrophication (Brandt and Ejhed 2003). The mechanisms and processes behind P transport from agricultural soils to water are complex. Topography, soil texture/structure, soil chemical properties, and precipitation are factors that determine the type of losses (i.e., surface runoff, erosion, or leaching) that dominate for a specific soil, which in turn determines how different management practices affect P losses. One of the most important factors is P fertilization, which can affect P losses in different ways depending on type of fertilizer (inorganic or organic), application rate and method (incorporation or not), and time of application.Excessive applications of P, especially in areas wi...

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“…Each spring, all treatments including the bare fallow receive a dressing of 20 kg P ha -1 as superphosphate and 35-38 kg K ha -1 as KCl. A more detailed description of the experiment and results for the first 35 years was presented by and Persson and Kirchmann (1994). Earlier time series of C data for selected treatments have been used for calibrating and validating different soil C balance functions and models (Parton et al, 1983;Paustian et al, 1992;Hyvönen et al, 1996;Witter, 1996;Andrén and Kätterer, 1997;Kätterer and Andrén, 1999;Petersen et al, 2005;Juston et al, 2010;Barré et al, 2010).…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roots contribute more to refractory soil organic matter than above-ground crop residues, as revealed by a long-term field experiment

Kätterer

Bolinder

Andrén

et al. 2011

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

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456

325

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(2011) Roots contribute more to refractory soil organic matter than aboveground crop residues, as revealed by a long-term field experiment.Agriculture Corresponding author: Thomas.Katterer@slu.se AbstractWe revisited the well documented and ongoing long-term 'Ultuna continuous soil organic matter field experiment' which started in 1956 at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. The objective of the experiment is to quantify effects of six organic amendments and mineral N fertilizers on the crop and soil. We used the 'equivalent soil mass' concept for estimating changes in the topsoil C stocks in all 15 treatments. C inputs from amendments were measured and those from crops were calculated using allometric functions and crop yields. Clustering C inputs into seven categories by quality allowed us to calculate a 'humification' coefficient for each category. Here, these coefficients simply were based on the fraction of total C input that still remains in the topsoil after about 50 years. As indicated by previous studies, this coefficient was highest for peat, followed by sewage sludge, manure, sawdust and aboveground crop residues. The most interesting result from the current investigation is that the optimized coefficient for rootderived C was about 2.3 times higher than that for aboveground plant residues. The calculated results were found to be robust in a sensitivity analysis. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that root-derived C contributes more to relatively stable soil C pools than the same amount of aboveground crop residue-derived C.

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Carbon and nitrogen in arable soils as affected by supply of N fertilizers and organic manures

Cited by 71 publications

References 5 publications

Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review

Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. A review

Long-term measurements and model simulations of phosphorus leaching from a manured sandy soil

Roots contribute more to refractory soil organic matter than above-ground crop residues, as revealed by a long-term field experiment

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