CARBON ACCUMULATIONS AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS — A SIMULATION STUDY OF COSTS^*

Review of material properties of (Mo/W)Se2-layered compound semiconductors useful for photoelectrochemical solar cells

“…The most interesting ones for PEC solar cell applications are the energy band structures of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides, which are compounds with a trigonal prismatic crystal symmetry (Figure 1a). Their upper energy band, derived from the transition metal d-states, is split into two bands, a lower d z 2 occupied energy band and a higher unoccupied d-band derived from d xy and d z 2 Ày 2 states, separated by a hybridization indirect band gap ranging from 1 to 2 eV (5)(6)(7). This gives to these compounds the characteristics of a semiconductor not only appropriate for the absorption of the solar spectrum, but also with favourable optical transitions between non-bonding electronic orbitals which would not affect the original bonds of the semiconductor, thus enhancing its stability against photodecomposition.…”

“…Recently, research and development of low-cost, flat-panel solar cells, thin-film devices, concentrator systems and many innovative concepts have increased. The main objectives of all technological developments are to develop energy sources, which may be long lasting, pollution-free, easily available and cost-effective (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). For application in photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar cells, semiconductor thin films such as CdSe, CdS, CdHgTe, GaAs, CuInSe 2 , CuInS, CdTe, SrTiO 3 , SnO 2 , In 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SnSe, SnS, SnSSe, MoSe 2 and WSe 2 have been elaborately studied (7,10,11).…”

Uncertainties in Responding to Climate Change: On the Economic Value of Technology Policies for Reducing Costs and Creating Options

“…The distinguishing feature of the model is a learning-by-doing cost function in which the costs of the non-carbon options decline endogenously with investment; this is similar to the approach taken by Anderson and Bird (1992) and more recently by Chakravorty et al (1997), Grubler et al (1999), andvan der Zwaan et al (forthcoming, 2001), except that, as do Grubler et al the learning curve parameter is treated as being uncertain.' Otherwise, the model has a simple and fairly standard form.…”

Modeling endogenous technological change for climate policy analysis

“…A somewhat similar formulation also is used in Bahn and Kypreos (2003), who add a "two-factor" learning curve to the MERGE model (see Manne and Richels, 2004). Many other climate change policy-modeling studies have included some form of learning-induced TC, usually with a variant of (18), including: Grübler and Messner (1998), Seebregts et al (1999), Gritsevskyi and Nakicenovic (2000), van der Zwann et al (2002), Anderson and Bird (1992), Papathanasiou and Anderson (2001), Castelnuovo and Galeotti (2003), Gerlagh and Lise (2003), Gerlagh and van der Zwann (2003), Jacoby et al (2003), Messner (1997), andMulder et al (2003). The NEMS industrial and electricity modules also include LBD (EIA, 2003).…”