The paper presents a simplij5ed model of the form often used to proje'ct long-term emissions of carbon dioxide from energy production and use. It then considers three uncertainties in parameters of the model concerning (a) the rate of improvement in energy eficiency, (b) the costs of environmental damage, and (c) the rate of technical progress in the development and use of technologies jiw abating CO, emissions. Monte Carlo analysis is used to estimate the frequency distributions of costs and benefits under diflerent policy assumptions. i7te results suggest that the possibilities of an economic surprise cannot be ruled out and that 'technology policies ' to support the development of non-carbon technologies directly are robust under uncertainty. Such policies can also be defended by reference to their option value, to their environmental benefits, and to the positive externalities of innovation.
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