Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Osmoregulation in a Blue-Green Alga

Borowitzka, L. J.; Demmerle, Susanne; Mackay, Mark A.; Norton, Raymond S.

doi:10.1126/science.210.4470.650

Cited by 131 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…In cyanobacteria, a close correlation has been shown between major accumulated compatible solutes and the range of salt tolerance (Blumwald et al, 1983;Borowitzka et al, 1980;Mackay et al, 1984;Reed et al, 1984). Cyanobacteria are classified into three groups of salt tolerance depending on the types of osmoprotective compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-stress induced trehalose accumulation and control of trehalase in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme IAM M-15

Yoshida

Sakamoto

2009

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-stress induced trehalose accumulation and control of trehalase in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme IAM M-15

Yoshida

Sakamoto

2009

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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“…The mechanisms of osmoregulation may vary in different species. For marine cyanobacteria, the accumulation of glucopyranosylglycerol in Synechococcus sp Nageli (4), and K+ ions in Aphanotheca halophytica (14) sucrose occurs in Nostoc muscorum (1), and in Synechococcus 6311 (3). Glucopyranosylglycerol accumulation occurs in Synechocystis 6308 (12).…”

Section: Abstracimentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Osmoregulation during Salt Adaptation of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6311

Blumwald¹,

Mehlhorn²,

Packer³

1983

Plant Physiol.

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ABSTRACIThe mechanisms of salt adaptation were studied in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6311. Intracellular volumes and ion concentrations were measured before and after abrupt increases of external NaC concentrations up to 0.6 molar NaCl. Equilibrium volumes, measured with a rapid and accurate electron spin resonance spin probe method, showed that at low NaCl concentrations the cells did not shrink as expected for an impermeable solute. However, when the NaCI concentration exceeded a critical value, volume losses occurred. These losses were not fully reversed by hypoosmotic treatment, suggesting membrane damage. The critical value of irreversible volume loss paralleled the increase in salinity during cell growth. Rapid mixing experiments showed that exposure of Synechococcus 6311 to non-damaging NaCI concentrations caused water extrusion from the cells; the volume decreases were time resolved to about 200 milliseconds. Subsequently, volumes increased rapidly as NaCI moved into the cells. Controls recovered their volumes within 15 seconds, while salt-adapted cells grown at 0.6 molar NaCI required 1 minute for volume equilibration. This decrease in the rate of cell volume recovery indicates that salt adaptation is accompanied by changes in cell membrane properties. Subsequent to these initial rapid volume changes, a more gradual sequence of ion movement and sugar accumulation was observed.Under conditions for photoautotrophic growth, significant Na' extrusion was observed 30 min after salt shock. Sucrose accumulation reached a maximum value after 16 hours and K' accumulation reached equilibrium after 40 hours. The final concentrations of K' and Na and sucrose and glucose inside the 0.6 molar NaCI-grown cells indicate that the inorganic ions and organic 'compatible' solutes are the major osmotic species which account for the adaptation of Synechococcus 6311 to salt.Osmoregulation in cyanobacteria grown at high external NaCl concentrations involves the accumulation of organic and inorganic solutes. The mechanisms of osmoregulation may vary in different species. For marine cyanobacteria, the accumulation of glucopyranosylglycerol in Synechococcus sp Nageli (4), and K+ ions in Aphanotheca halophytica (14) have been reported. The role of low mol wt carbohydrates in the maintenance of osmotic balance has been shown for several fresh water cyanobacteria.

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“…Studies have been carried out on the marine mollusc Tapes watlingi (Norton, 1979;Norton & de Rome, 1980), in which taurine, betaine and glycine play a role in osmoregulation. The technique has also been used by Borowitzka et al (1980) to study a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., which was found to use glucosylglycerol as the major osmoregulatory solute. It has since been shown that glucosylglycerol is accumulated by all species of marine cyanobacteria in response to osmotic stress (Mackay et af., 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of species in the genus DunaZieIIa have been shown to use glycerol as the primary osmoregulatory solute (Craigie & McLachlan, 1964;Ben-Amotz & Avron, 1973;Borowitzka & Brown, 1974). Compounds which have been identified as osmoregulators in other species of algae include floridoside (Kauss, 1969), isofloridoside (Kauss, 1967), cyclohexanetetrol (Craigie, 1969), mannitol (Hellebust, 1976), mannisido-mannitol (Feige, 1972), sucrose (Wetherell, 1963), sorbitol and proline (Brown & Hellebust, 1978) and glucosylglycerol (Borowitzka et al, 1980;Mackay et al, 1983). The xerophilic yeast, Saccharomyces rouxii has been shown to accumulate glycerol efficiently in response to low external a, (Brown, 1978), but the highly salt-tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii accumulates K + intracellularly, as well as glycerol, as the salinity of the culture medium increases (Gustafsson & Norkrans, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural-abundance 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies on the Internal Solutes of Xerophilic Fungi

Hocking

Norton

1983

Microbiology

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Natural-abundance 3C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to study the patterns of accumulation of osmotically active internal solutes in five different fungi. Four xerophilic fungi (Penicillium janczewskii, Eurotium chevalieri, Xeromyces bisporus and Wallemia sebi), and one non-xerophilic fungal species ( P . digitatum) were grown at three different water activities (a,) on media containing sorbitol, glucose/fructose or NaCl as the controlling solute. Under all conditions studied, the major internal solutes detected in aqueous ethanol extracts of these fungi were simple polyhydric alcohols : glycerol, erythritol, arabitol and mannitol. The most important osmoregulatory solute accumulated by all species was glycerol. On the sorbitol and the glucose/fructose media, all five fungi were able to accumulate glycerol. However, when NaCl was used to control a,, only one species, W. sebi, was able to accumulate glycerol below 0.92 a,, Significant quantities of the controlling solutes were also present in the extracts.When intact mycelia of P . janczewskii were examined by NMR, resonances of all the major internal solutes were clearly discernible, although they were not as well resolved as those from the fungal extracts. Relaxation measurements showed that the solutes were relatively mobile inside the cells.

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Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Osmoregulation in a Blue-Green Alga

Cited by 131 publications

References 10 publications

Water-stress induced trehalose accumulation and control of trehalase in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme IAM M-15

Water-stress induced trehalose accumulation and control of trehalase in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme IAM M-15

Ionic Osmoregulation during Salt Adaptation of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6311

Natural-abundance 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies on the Internal Solutes of Xerophilic Fungi

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