Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Fails to Improve Four-Kilometer Cycling Time Trial Performance

Brietzke, Cayque; Pinheiro, Fabiano Aparecido; Veras, Katherine; Mattos, Eugenia; Rodacki, André Luíz Félix; Ugrinowitsch, Carlos

doi:10.3390/nu10030342

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Se identificaron 96 publicaciones con las palabras clave y combinaciones en todas las bases de datos seleccionadas, se registraron 52 artículos duplicados, después de leer el título y el resumen se excluyeron otros 35 artículos. Los artículos restantes se leyeron a texto completo y se seleccionaron 7 artículos los cuales cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión tal como se aprecia en la Figura 1 (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28) .…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Por otro lado, Pires et al (22) concluyó que una intervención con glucosa no genera cambios significativos en el rendimiento TT y la fatiga a nivel central, sin embargo, sí genera efectos significativos en la fatiga a nivel periférico y potencia de salida, mientras que Devenney et al (26) reportó una mejora del rendimiento TT no asociada cambios significativos en la frecuencia cardiaca y percepción del esfuerzo. Esta diferencia en los resultados podría explicarse puesto que los principales moduladores de las respuestas centrales y periféricas en ejercicio son el volumen e intensidad de la carga, se sabe que intensidades de ejercicio bajas se correlacionan con una tasa de oxidación de glucosa baja, mientras que intensidades de ejercicio altas aumentan los requerimientos de glucosa y por ende el gasto energético generando una respuesta mucho más aguda en el reclutamiento muscular y el nivel de fatiga periférica las cuales pueden influenciar la potencia muscular y por ende el rendimiento en TT.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Finalmente, en cuanto a la dosis a utilizar, los estudios analizados en esta revisión observan que un protocolo de 5 segundos parece ser mucho más eficaz en la mejora del rendimiento que un protocolo de 10 segundos (24)(25)(26) . Sin embargo, Pires et al (22) atribuye esta poca eficacia a la incomodidad generada por mantener un mayor tiempo la solución en la cavidad bucal y las disminuciones del rendimiento asociadas a la dificultad para realizar el proceso de inspiración y expiración. Por el contrario, otros autores plantean que el mantener una solución con CHO por un mayor tiempo en la cavidad bucal también puede ser beneficioso en la disminución del apetito y aumento del gasto energético asociado a situaciones de ayuno debido a que las respuestas en torno a la captación de glucosa en estados de ayuno son mucho más agudas en comparación a estados [285] postprandiales en donde los depósitos de glucógeno están llenos (28,49) .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos y su efecto en el rendimiento de carreras contrarreloj: Revisión sistemática

et al. 2020

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Introducción: Actualmente, los efectos del enjuague bucal con carbohidratos sobre el rendimiento son controvertidos, algunos estudios plantean efectos ergogénicos, mientras que otros no han reportado efecto luego de suministrar enjuague bucal con carbohidratos. Objetivo: Determinar si existe evidencia científica que avale los distintos protocolos de enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos y su efecto sobre el rendimiento deportivo en carreras de ciclismo contrarreloj. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica entre el 2015 y 2019 en las bases de datos Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane y Scopus utilizando los términos “Carbohydrates”, “Mouth rinse” y “Athletic performance”. Resultados: Se revisaron 96 estudios y se seleccionaron 7 en diversos grupos poblacionales, con diferentes métodos de evaluación y diversas dosis de enjuague con carbohidratos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron controversiales, en algunos casos se demostró efecto ergogénico y en otros no. Conclusiones: Los efectos de los enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos son controvertidos, por lo que no se puede asegurar que provoquen mejoras de rendimiento en carreras de ciclismo contrarreloj. Se requiere de más estudios aleatorizados controlados que logren homogeneizar e identificar los mecanismos de acción específicos mediante el cual los enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos actúan sobre distintas poblaciones de estudio.

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Section: Resultsunclassified

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Enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos y su efecto en el rendimiento de carreras contrarreloj: Revisión sistemática

et al. 2020

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“…Indeed, in a recent study, we observed that CHO mouth rinse mitigated central fatigue during a 4 km cycling time trial, although being ineffective to enhance performance (likely due to a peripheral fatigue nature of this trial). 60 Accordingly, Bastos-Silva et al 61 verified beneficial CHO mouth rinse effects on a cycling-to-exhaustion test performance in intensity showing central rather than peripheral fatigue, that is low-to-moderate (80% of the respiratory compensation point) rather than high-intensity exercise (110% of the peak power output). Together, these studies 61 , 62 provided some support to the idea that CHO mouth rinse may be beneficial to improve performance mainly in exercise protocols that induce a central–peripheral fatigue interplay toward central limitations (i.e., moderate intensity, long duration).…”

Section: Type Of Exercise Protocolmentioning

confidence: 98%

A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance

et al. 2022

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Previous systematic reviews have confirmed that carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse may boost physical exercise performance, despite some methodological aspects likely affecting its ergogenic effect. In this review, we discussed if the exercise mode, pre-exercise fasting status, CHO solutions concentration, CHO solutions temperature, mouth rinse duration, and CHO placebo effects may potentially reduce the CHO mouth rinse ergogenic effect, suggesting possible solutions to manage these potential confounders. The effectiveness of CHO mouth rinse as a performance booster is apparently related to the origin of the exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, as CHO mouth rinse unequivocally potentiates endurance rather than sprint and strength exercises performance. Furthermore, ergogenic effects have been greater in fasting than fed state, somehow explaining the varied magnitude of the CHO mouth rinse effects in exercise performance. In this regard, the CHO solution concentration and temperature, as well as the mouth rinse duration, may have increased the variability observed in CHO mouth rinse effects in fasting and fed state. Finally, placebo effects have challenged the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as an ergogenic aid. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should consider methodological controls such as sample size and sample homogeneity, proper familiarization with experimental procedures, and the use of alternative placebo designs to provide unbiased evidence regarding the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as an ergogenic aid.

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“…Recently, plenty of research associates carbohydrate mouth rinse to positive effects in athletic performance, not only in endurance activities but also with a growing interest in high intensity sprint-based activities (14–23). Recently, Brietzke et al (7) have reviewed the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling time trial performance and they have concluded that this technique is effective in increasing cycling power output, although the magnitude of the effect was cataloged as “small.” Despite the overall positive effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance, all studies reporting no beneficial of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance tested participants in a fed state (24–28). Although it seems that carbohydrate mouth rinse improved performance to a greater extent in a fasted compared with a fed state, the use of fasting prior to exercise might not be an optimal choice to maximize cycling performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Decreases Time to Complete a Simulated Cycling Time Trial

Baltazar‐Martins

Coso

2019

Front. Nutr.

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Rinsing carbohydrate solutions in the mouth can produce positive effects on the central nervous system via mouth/tongue receptors, ultimately increasing cycling performance. However, previous investigations on this topic have used complex carbohydrate solutions and time trials on a cyclergometer to complete a set amount of work. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on physical performance by using a commercially available drink during a cycling time trial with varying slopes. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized manner, 16 well-trained cyclists (37.6 ± 3.5 years; 76.9 ± 7.9 kg) performed two simulated cycling time trial (25.3 km) with their own bikes on a 3D virtual trainer. In one occasion, participants mouth-rinsed a 6.4% carbohydrate mixed solution for 5 s each 12.5% of total completion of the trial; in other occasion participants rinsed with a taste-matched placebo with 0.0% of carbohydrate. During the trials, participants were instructed to perform as fast as possible at a self-chosen pace while time, cycling power output and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained during the trials. When compared to the placebo, carbohydrate mouth rinse decreased the time employed to complete the distance (2,960 ± 412 vs. 2,888 ± 396 s; P = 0.04, respectively), while it increased overall cycling power (222 ± 51 vs. 231 ± 46 w, P = 0.04) and cycling power during the climbing sections (238 ± 46 vs. 248 ± 47 w, P = 0.03). Carbohydrate mouth rinse also increased the rating of perceived exertion at the end of the trial (18.3 ± 1.7 vs. 18.9 ± 1.1 arbitrary units, P = 0.04). In summary, mouth rinsing with a commercially available carbohydrate drink might be considered as an effective strategy to increase physical performance during cycling time trials. However, due to the performance downsides of breaking the aero-position or interrupting the breathing pattern for rising during a time trial, carbohydrate mouth rinse protocols might be more suitable for high-intensity training sessions, particularly those sessions intentionally performed with low carbohydrate intake.

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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Fails to Improve Four-Kilometer Cycling Time Trial Performance

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

Enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos y su efecto en el rendimiento de carreras contrarreloj: Revisión sistemática

Enjuagues bucales con carbohidratos y su efecto en el rendimiento de carreras contrarreloj: Revisión sistemática

A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Decreases Time to Complete a Simulated Cycling Time Trial

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